scholarly journals Comparing rates of introgression in parasitic feather lice with differing dispersal capabilities

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Doña ◽  
Andrew D. Sweet ◽  
Kevin P. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Networks ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Genomic Signatures ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Feather Lice ◽  
Dispersal Abilities ◽  
Body Lice

Abstract Organisms vary in their dispersal abilities, and these differences can have important biological consequences, such as impacting the likelihood of hybridization events. However, there is still much to learn about the factors influencing hybridization, and specifically how dispersal ability affects the opportunities for hybridization. Here, using the ecological replicate system of dove wing and body lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera), we show that species with higher dispersal abilities exhibited increased genomic signatures of introgression. Specifically, we found a higher proportion of introgressed genomic reads and more reticulated phylogenetic networks in wing lice, the louse group with higher dispersal abilities. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that differences in dispersal ability might drive the extent of introgression through hybridization.

scholarly journals Comparing rates of introgression in parasitic feather lice with differing dispersal capabilities

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Doña ◽  
Andrew D. Sweet ◽  
Kevin P. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Networks ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Genomic Signatures ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Feather Lice ◽  
Dispersal Abilities ◽  
Body Lice

AbstractOrganisms vary in their dispersal abilities, and these differences can have important biological consequences, such as impacting the likelihood of hybridization events. However, there is still much to learn about the factors influencing hybridization, and specifically how dispersal ability affects the opportunities for hybridization. Here, using the ecological replicate system of dove wing and body lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera), we show that species with higher dispersal abilities exhibited increased genomic signatures of introgression. Specifically, we found a higher proportion of introgressed genomic reads and more reticulated phylogenetic networks in wing lice, the louse group with higher dispersal abilities. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that differences in dispersal ability might drive the extent of introgression through hybridization.

scholarly journals Host–parasitoid evolution in a metacommunity

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1831) ◽  
pp. 20160477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denon Start ◽  
Benjamin Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Patch Size ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Species Traits ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Selection Gradient ◽  
Phenotypic Differences ◽  
Dispersal Abilities ◽  
Phenotypic Shift

Patch size and isolation are predicted to alter both species diversity and evolution; yet, there are few empirical examples of eco-evolutionary feedback in metacommunities. We tested three hypotheses about eco-evolutionary feedback in a gall-forming fly, Eurosta solidaginis and two of its natural enemies that select for opposite traits: (i) specialization and poor dispersal ability constrain a subset of natural enemies from occupying small and isolated patches, (ii) this constraint alters selection on the gall fly, causing phenotypic shifts towards traits resistant to generalist and dispersive enemies in small and isolated patches, and (iii) reduced dispersal evolves in small, isolated populations. We sampled patches in a natural metacommunity and found support for all hypotheses; Eurosta 's specialist wasp parasitoid attacked fewer galls in small and isolated patches, generating a selection gradient that favoured small galls resistant to predation by a dispersive and generalist bird predator. Phenotype distributions matched this selection gradient, and these phenotypic differences were maintained in a common garden experiment. Finally, we found lower dispersal abilities in small and isolated patches, a phenotypic shift that aids in the maintenance of local adaptation. We suggest that the trophic rank and the species traits of consumers are central to evolution in metacommunities.

scholarly journals Fungi are more dispersal-limited than bacteria among flowers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Vannette ◽  
Griffin Hall ◽  
Ivan Munkres
Keyword(s):  
Community Assembly ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Numerical Abundance ◽  
Flower Traits ◽  
Biodiversity Maintenance ◽  
Dispersal Abilities ◽  
Dispersal Routes ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Plant Pollinator

AbstractDispersal, particularly variation in dispersal ability among taxa, affects community assembly in individual communities and biodiversity maintenance within metacommunities. Although fungi and bacteria frequently coexist, their relative dispersal abilities are poorly understood. Here, we compare the incidence and abundance of culturable flower-inhabiting bacteria and fungi among individual flowers. Using collections that span two coflowering communities across two years, we assess viable bacterial and fungal incidence and abundance within individual flower samples, and examine patterns across plant species that differ in flower traits. Our results demonstrate that bacteria can be detected in more flowers and in greater numerical abundance than fungi, particularly in flowers with more exposed corollas. For fungi, however, flowers with long corollas were equally likely as exposed flowers to contain cells, and hosted higher numbers of fungal cells, primarily yeasts. Across all flowers, bacteria and fungal incidence was positively related, but within flowers containing microbes, bacterial and fungal incidence was negatively related, suggesting shared dispersal routes but competition among microbes within flowers. The difference in dispersal abilities of bacteria and fungi identified here may have broad relevance for community assembly of microbes and plant-pollinator interactions.

scholarly journals The impacts of historical barriers on floristic patterns of plant groups with different dispersal abilities in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koh Nakamura ◽  
Rempei Suwa ◽  
Tetsuo Denda ◽  
Masatsugu Yokota
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Distance ◽  
Randomization Test ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Ryukyu Archipelago ◽  
Landscape Resistance ◽  
Plant Dispersal ◽  
Plant Groups ◽  
Floristic Patterns ◽  
Dispersal Abilities

The effects of historical barriers in biogeographical patterns are expected to persist differently depending on dispersal abilities of organisms. We tested two hypotheses that plant groups with different dispersal abilities display different floristic patterns, and that historical barriers can explain floristic differentiation patterns in plants with low dispersal ability but not in plants with higher dispersal ability, in the seed plant flora of the Ryukyu Archipelago. This area is biogeographically interesting because several similar floristic differentiation patterns have been proposed, all of which are primarily explained by two historical barriers, the Tokara Tectonic Strait (Tokara Gap) and the Kerama Gap, which arose during the formation of the islands. We calculated floristic dissimilarity distance among 26 islands based on data sets for three dispersal-ability classes. Clustering analyses based on the floristic dissimilarity distance generated similar floristic patterns regardless of dispersal-ability class. We propose that because the landscape resistance is so strong that migration of plants is severely restricted regardless of their dispersal abilities, the similar floristic differentiation patterns are generated. Multivariate regression analyses using Mantel's randomization test indicated that floristic differentiations among islands were explained by the both effects of the historical barriers and geographic distance in all dispersal-ability classes. Significance of the historical barriers is not determined by the plant dispersal abilities but presumably by the spatial distribution of the islands, stochastic dispersals, and time since the formation of the barriers.

Reproductive-Biology of Megascolides Australis Mccoy (Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae)

1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 489 ◽  
Author(s):  
BD Vanpraagh
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Reproductive Strategies ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Spermathecal Duct ◽  
Dispersal Abilities ◽  
Reproductive Processes

Observations of gametogenesis facilitated understanding life history and reproductive processes in Megascolides australis, whose reproductive strategies are correlated with longevity, low density and poor dispersal ability. Worms are biparental and have a discrete breeding (egg laying) season in spring and summer. This coincides with the greatest number of mature ova and the glandular epidermis of the clitellar region being thickest. Gametogenesis occurs throughout the year, with sperm present in the spermathecae and available on male funnels ail year. Non-seasonal copulation may occur when two worms meet and conditions are favourable; this trait is advantageous for species in low densities with poor dispersal abilities. The spermathecal structure of M. australis differs from that of other megascolecids recorded in that the structure of the diverticulum includes many multiloculate chambers that do not connect directly with the spermathecal duct. The sperm form orientated bundles (spermatozeugmata) not previously described for Megascolecidae and are stored in the ampulla rather than the diverticula.

scholarly journals Habitat stability affects dispersal and the ability to track climate change

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 639-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Hof ◽  
Martin Brändle ◽  
D. Matthias Dehling ◽  
Mariana Munguía ◽  
Roland Brandl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Stability ◽  
Climatic Changes ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Evolution Of Dispersal ◽  
Species Ranges ◽  
Freshwater Habitats ◽  
Habitat Persistence ◽  
Bioclimatic Envelope Models ◽  
Dispersal Abilities ◽  
Bioclimatic Envelope

Habitat persistence should influence dispersal ability, selecting for stronger dispersal in habitats of lower temporal stability. As standing (lentic) freshwater habitats are on average less persistent over time than running (lotic) habitats, lentic species should show higher dispersal abilities than lotic species. Assuming that climate is an important determinant of species distributions, we hypothesize that lentic species should have distributions that are closer to equilibrium with current climate, and should more rapidly track climatic changes. We tested these hypotheses using datasets from 1988 and 2006 containing all European dragon- and damselfly species. Bioclimatic envelope models showed that lentic species were closer to climatic equilibrium than lotic species. Furthermore, the models over-predicted lotic species ranges more strongly than lentic species ranges, indicating that lentic species track climatic changes more rapidly than lotic species. These results are consistent with the proposed hypothesis that habitat persistence affects the evolution of dispersal.

scholarly journals The influence of wing morphology upon the dispersal, geographical distributions and diversification of the Corvides (Aves; Passeriformes)

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1844) ◽  
pp. 20161922 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan D. Kennedy ◽  
Michael K. Borregaard ◽  
Knud A. Jønsson ◽  
Petter Z. Marki ◽  
Jon Fjeldså ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Preferences ◽  
Global Radiation ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Wing Morphology ◽  
Wing Form ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Widespread Species ◽  
Diversification Rates ◽  
Sparse Vegetation ◽  
Dispersal Abilities

New species are sometimes known to arise as a consequence of the dispersal and establishment of populations in new areas. It has nevertheless been difficult to demonstrate an empirical link between rates of dispersal and diversification, partly because dispersal abilities are challenging to quantify. Here, using wing morphology as a proxy for dispersal ability, we assess this relationship among the global radiation of corvoid birds. We found that species distributions are associated with wing shape. Widespread species (occurring on both islands and continents), and those that are migratory, exhibit wing morphologies better adapted to long-distance flight compared with sedentary continental or insular forms. Habitat preferences also strongly predict wing form, with species that occur in canopies and/or areas of sparse vegetation possessing dispersive morphologies. By contrast, we found no significant differences in diversification rates among either the migratory or habitat classifications, but species distributed in island settings diversify at higher rates than those found on continents. This latter finding may reflect the elevated dispersal capabilities of widespread taxa, facilitating the radiation of these lineages across insular areas. However, as the correlations between wing morphology and diversification rates were consistently weak throughout our dataset, this suggests that historical patterns of diversification are not particularly well reflected by present-day wing morphology.

scholarly journals Taxonomic groups with lower movement capacity may present higher beta diversity

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinícius X. da Silva ◽  
◽  
Mario Sacramento ◽  
Érica Hasui ◽  
Rogério G. T. da Cunha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Beta Diversity ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Forest Fragments ◽  
Dispersal Abilities ◽  
Beta And Gamma Diversity ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
Opposite Tendency

ABSTRACT Diversity analysis by partition is an approach employed in order to understand how communities spatially structure themselves and the factors that operate in the generation and maintenance of distribution patterns. We examined the spatial structure of species diversity of four taxonomic groups, with different dispersal abilities, in 16 forest fragments in the southern region of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Specifically, we tested: i) if the similarity in species composition would be negatively related to geographical distance between the 16 fragments; and ii) if the beta diversity of the different groups could be negatively related to their dispersal abilities. Alpha diversity and the compositional similarity between localities were both low. Beta diversity was not correlated with distance for any of the groups. Primates, followed by birds, showed a higher tendency of forming similarity groupings, although in a manner that was independent from distance between fragments, as well as showed the lowest beta diversity relative values. Spermatophytes and amphibians did not define groupings and presented the highest values of beta diversity. We interpreted such results as indications that the groups with higher dispersal ability (primates and birds) tend to reach, on average, farther localities and, therefore, to define more similar groupings (low beta diversity). The groups with lower dispersal ability (spermatophytes and amphibians) showed the opposite tendency. Although most of the species were restricted to few localities, contributing to the low similarity, beta and gamma diversity values showed the extent which the localities are, respectively, different and complementary to each other in terms of species composition. Such features reinforce and justify future conservation initiatives, both in local and regional levels.

scholarly journals On a collision course: competition and dispersal differences create no-analogue communities and cause extinctions during climate change

2012 ◽  
Vol 279 (1735) ◽  
pp. 2072-2080 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark C. Urban ◽  
Josh J. Tewksbury ◽  
Kimberly S. Sheldon
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Niche Breadth ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Interspecific Variation ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Dispersal Abilities ◽  
Suitable Habitats

Most climate change predictions omit species interactions and interspecific variation in dispersal. Here, we develop a model of multiple competing species along a warming climatic gradient that includes temperature-dependent competition, differences in niche breadth and interspecific differences in dispersal ability. Competition and dispersal differences decreased diversity and produced so-called ‘no-analogue’ communities, defined as a novel combination of species that does not currently co-occur. Climate change altered community richness the most when species had narrow niches, when mean community-wide dispersal rates were low and when species differed in dispersal abilities. With high interspecific dispersal variance, the best dispersers tracked climate change, out-competed slower dispersers and caused their extinction. Overall, competition slowed the advance of colonists into newly suitable habitats, creating lags in climate tracking. We predict that climate change will most threaten communities of species that have narrow niches (e.g. tropics), vary in dispersal (most communities) and compete strongly. Current forecasts probably underestimate climate change impacts on biodiversity by neglecting competition and dispersal differences.

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