APPENDIX I. A Selection of Toxic Substances

2017 ◽  
pp. 712-746
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Selection Of

scholarly journals EFEKTIFITAS JALUR HIJAU DALAM MENGURANGI POLUSI UDARA OLEH KENDARAAN BERMOTOR

NALARs ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Lukmanul Hakim ◽  
Priambudi Trie Putra ◽  
Azka Lathifa Zahratu
Keyword(s):  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Green Belt ◽  
Healthy Environment ◽  
Lead Dust ◽  
The Many ◽  
Selection Of

ABSTRAK. Ameliorasi iklim adalah salah satu manfaat yang diberikan alam khususnya tumbuhan terhadap lingkungan hidup, dengan cara meningkatkan kualitas lingkungan untuk menjamin tersedianya lingkungan yang sehat. Salah satunya adalah dengan menyediakan oksigen (O2) untuk kebutuhan pernafasan dan meminimalisir gas buang kendaraan bermotor yang beracun seperti gas carbon monooksida (CO) dan debu timbal (Pb). Kedua zat beracun ini sangat berbahaya bagi kesehatan manusia, khususnya yng berada disekitar jalan raya dan sekitar kawasan industri.Green belt adalah salah satu desain penghijauan yang fungsi utamanya adalah untuk mengurangi debu pencemaran ini. Yang diuji dalam penelitian ini adalah efektifitas desain green belt di sisi jalan raya dalam menangkap atau menjerap partikel (debu) polusi yang ditimbulkan oleh kendaraan bermotor. Fakta dalam percobaan yang dilkukan menunjukkan, bahwa bentuk struktur tajuk dan luas penampang daun sangat menentukan efektifitas dari penyerapan debu polusi. Daun yang mempunyai permukaan yang lebih luas dan mempunyai permukaan yang kasar, mempunyai nilai efektifitas yang tinggi. Begitu juga dengan pohon yang bertajuk rapat dan lebat akan sangat efektif dalam menjerap debu polusi atau polutan. Dalam hal ini, untuk desain green belt, diperlukan beberapa pertimbangan untuk efektifitas dalam mengurangi polusi udara. Yaitu pemilihan jenis vegetasi yang mempunyai daun yang lebar dan kasar serta pemilihan jenis struktur tajuk pohon yang disesuaikan dengan lokasi green belt tetapi dipilih yang rimbun dan lebat.Kata kunci: Ameliorasi iklim, vegetasi, penyerapan dan polusiABSTRACT. Climate amelioration is one of the many benefit from that nature, particularly plant that, provides to the environment, by enhancing quality of environment and guaranting the provision of healthy environment. For example is by providing oxygen (O2) for respiration and minimalizing toxic gas such as carbon monoxide (CO) and lead dust (Pb) emitted by vehicle. Both mentioned are toxic substances which highly dangerous for human health, especially for those residing around streets and industrial areas.Green belt is a greening design having main function to reduce pollution dust. This research tested the effectiveness of green belt on side roads in catching or absorbing pollution dust or particles emitted by vehicles. Facts from this research showed that the shape of canopy structure and leaves’ cross sectional area highly determine the effectiveness of pollution dust absorpsion. Leaves with wider surface area and rough texture have high effectiveness. Trees having dense canopy and bushy are very effective in absorpsion of pollution dust. In this case, to design a green belt will required a few considerations that are affecting effectiveness in reducing air polution. Namely, selection of vegetation that has wide and rough leaves and type selection of tree canopy structure that is dense and bushy and suitable to green belt location.Keywords : climate amelioration, vegetation, absorpsion and pollution

Temperature Selection of Juvenile Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) as Influenced by Various Toxic Substances

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 1722-1730 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Preferred Temperature ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Juvenile Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Sodium Pentachlorophenate ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Short Term Survival

Previous exposure to sodium pentachlorophenate (NaPCP), Guthion®, malathion, Dursban®, and Dibrom® lowered the preferred temperature for juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) tested in a horizontal temperature gradient. Lindane, CuSO4, ZnSO4, CdSO4, Sevin®, heptachlor, and fenitrothion did not change the preferred temperature significantly. Comparison with other published results indicates that those substances that increase the preferred temperature are more toxic (based on relevant changes in 24-h LC50) at low temperatures and vice versa. It is suggested that such shifts in selected temperature may be of potential immediate, short-term, survival value to the fish.

THE SELECTION OF BUILDING MATERIALS TO IMPROVE THE COMFORT AND ECOLOGICAL SAFETY OF CITY HOUSING

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 94-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Yur'evna ZHIGULINA ◽  
Natalya Genrikhovna CHUMACHENKO
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Chemical Additives ◽  
Chemical Safety ◽  
Sources Of Pollution ◽  
Selection Of

The article is devoted to problems of creation of comfortable microclimate. Identifi es sources of pollution, completed their evaluation. Special att ention is paid to the selection of environmentally friendly building materials. In the production of building materials where toxic components can be industrial waste, replacing natural raw materials and chemical additives regulating the properties. In the operation of many building materials, especially those based on polymers, it is necessary to control the release of toxic substances resulting from degradation. For the assessment of comfort and environmental safety of housing is offered to create «Passports of residential buildings», which should be provided with information about construction materials used to evaluate this parameter, environmental home safety, including chemical safety as its component.

Quantitative Structure—Activity Relationships (QSARs): An Integrated Multivariate Approach for Risk Assessment Studies

1990 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 629-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Livia Tosato ◽  
Claudio Chiorboli ◽  
Lennart Eriksson ◽  
Jorgen Jonsson ◽  
Silvia Marchini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Multivariate Approach ◽  
Qsar Study ◽  
Screening Assessment ◽  
Efficient Screening ◽  
Selection Of

The conditions and methods for constructing reliable QSARs are revised in relation to each component of a QSAR study: the selection of a training set out of a QSAR compatible series, the collection of data pertinent to the descriptors matrix (X) and to the effects matrix (Y), the analysis of data to connect X to Y by a regression model, and the validation of the model. In discussing these conditions, attention is given to the constraints that arise from the theoretical foundation of QSARs as analogy models of local validity and to the complexity and limited knowledge about the mechanisms of action. Hence, emphasis is placed on the need and importance to adopt multivariate methods for dealing with (1) the characterization of the structures, (2) the selection of a representative set of training compounds, and (3) analysis of the data. It is finally shown that the same integrated multivariate approach applies to the modeling of biological activities and other properties—chemical and biological—as well as to the modeling of correlations between batteries of data. The role of QSAR in risk assessment is addressed in the second part of the article. The framework of a strategy for an efficient screening assessment of toxic substances through the modeling of their exposure and toxicity-related properties is outlined. Applications of the strategy are reported that deal with two series of compounds. Examples of toxicity and persistency models are illustrated.

scholarly journals Accounting and evaluation of chemical footprint of cotton woven fabrics

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (03) ◽  
pp. 209-214
Author(s):  
JIA-HONG QIAN ◽  
YU-YING QIU ◽  
YI-DUO YANG ◽  
YI LI ◽  
PING-HUA XU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Woven Fabrics ◽  
Ecological System ◽  
Woven Fabric ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Management Efficiency ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Textile Products

The major environmental impacts of textile products tend to arise from emissions of toxic substances in the production phase of the life cycle. The theory of chemical footprint (ChF) can be used to study the environmental impact of textile products and leads a new way to quantitatively assess impacts of toxic substances. In this paper, environmental impacts of 1 kg cotton woven fabric were assessed from yarn to finished fabric in terms of its contributions to the ecological system. The results showed that the total ChF in the calculation boundary associated with ecotoxicity was approximately 41526.10 PAF·m3·d. The largest ChF for cotton woven fabric mainly came from weaving process, followed by cultivation and harvesting and fabric processing phases. Sizing agent and all kinds of base potentially created the large ecotoxicity and there are considerable differences in magnitude from other materials’ ecotoxicity. It also revealed that the selection of auxiliaries was more important than that of dyestuffs. ChF does well in drawing more focus on the source of industry pollution and plays an important role in improving management efficiency in assessing and choosing chemicals.

Effects on the Ecosystem of Sewage Sludge Disposal by Dumping from Ships

1982 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 137-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
A D McIntyre
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Benthic Communities ◽  
Organic Content ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Careful Selection ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
Sludge Disposal ◽  
Selection Of

Information on the environmental consequences of discharging sewage sludge from ships at sea is reviewed. Effects on the water column and on the seabed are summarised. The major impact is related to the nutrient and organic content of the sludge and is found in areas where sludge accumulates on the bottom, producing changes in the sediments and in the benthic communities. There is no clear evidence of adverse effects from potentially toxic substances in the sludge. Careful selection of dumping grounds is important to prevent public health and amenity effects and to ensure there is no interference with fisheries.

Dose Selection for Toxicity Studies: A Protocol for Determining the Maximum Repeatable Dose

1992 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 449-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.W. Spurling ◽  
P.F. Carey
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Dose Selection ◽  
Toxicity Studies ◽  
Dose Ranging ◽  
Pharmacologically Active ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Dose Levels ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Active Substances ◽  
Selection Of

1 A three-stage protocol is described for a dose-ranging study which defines the maximum repeatable dose (MRD) and provides a preview of the toxicology of new, pharmacologically active, substances before commencing the first formal regulatory toxicity studies, usually of 2 or 4 weeks duration. 2 Additionally, a range of toxicokinetic (TK) data relevant to protocol design for formal studies is generated. 3 Stage A is a dose incrementation process in which the MRD is provisionally determined and basic TK values generated. 4 In stage B the animals are dosed daily for at least 7 d, the MRD is substantiated and a wider range of TK data obtained. 5 In stage C, each of the dose levels identified for a formal study is administered once to investigate the relationship of doses to TK data. 6 This protocol can be completed using as few as 24 rats or six dogs (or primates). 7 Selection of dose levels for the first formal studies can be greatly aided by the results of a well-designed dose-ranging study including TK data. 8 For particularly toxic substances, the findings of studies based on this protocol have frequently been sufficiently clear to warrant early termination of their development.

Cognitive gadgets and cognitive priors

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gian Domenico Iannetti ◽  
Giorgio Vallortigara
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Some of the foundations of Heyes’ radical reasoning seem to be based on a fractional selection of available evidence. Using an ethological perspective, we argue against Heyes’ rapid dismissal of innate cognitive instincts. Heyes’ use of fMRI studies of literacy to claim that culture assembles pieces of mental technology seems an example of incorrect reverse inferences and overlap theories pervasive in cognitive neuroscience.

Note on Selection of Coordinate Systems for Geodynamics

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 395-407
Author(s):  
S. Henriksen
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coordinate Systems ◽  
Mean Sea Level ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The One ◽  
Static Systems ◽  
Selection Of

The first question to be answered, in seeking coordinate systems for geodynamics, is: what is geodynamics? The answer is, of course, that geodynamics is that part of geophysics which is concerned with movements of the Earth, as opposed to geostatics which is the physics of the stationary Earth. But as far as we know, there is no stationary Earth – epur sic monere. So geodynamics is actually coextensive with geophysics, and coordinate systems suitable for the one should be suitable for the other. At the present time, there are not many coordinate systems, if any, that can be identified with a static Earth. Certainly the only coordinate of aeronomic (atmospheric) interest is the height, and this is usually either as geodynamic height or as pressure. In oceanology, the most important coordinate is depth, and this, like heights in the atmosphere, is expressed as metric depth from mean sea level, as geodynamic depth, or as pressure. Only for the earth do we find “static” systems in use, ana even here there is real question as to whether the systems are dynamic or static. So it would seem that our answer to the question, of what kind, of coordinate systems are we seeking, must be that we are looking for the same systems as are used in geophysics, and these systems are dynamic in nature already – that is, their definition involvestime.

Measurements of the Cape Astrometric Survey of the Southern Hemisphere

1978 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 515-521
Author(s):  
W. Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Automatic Measuring ◽  
Measuring Machine ◽  
Final Selection ◽  
Selection Of

SummaryA routine has been developed for the processing of the 5820 plates of the survey. The plates are measured on the automatic measuring machine, GALAXY, and the measures are subsequently processed by computer, to edit and then refer them to the SAO catalogue. A start has been made on measuring the plates, but the final selection of stars to be made is still a matter for discussion.

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