Effects of ellagic acid-rich extract of pomegranates peel on regulation of cholesterol metabolism and its molecular mechanism in hamsters

Abstract Background During the postnatal feeding period, formula-fed infants have higher cholesterol synthesis rates and lower circulating cholesterol concentrations than their breastfed counterparts. Although this disparity has been attributed to the uniformly low dietary cholesterol content of typical infant formulas, little is known of the underlying mechanisms associated with this altered cholesterol metabolism phenotype. Objective We aimed to determine the molecular etiology of diet-associated changes in early-life cholesterol metabolism with the use of a postnatal piglet feeding model. Methods Two-day-old male and female White-Dutch Landrace piglets were fed either sow milk (Sow group) or dairy-based (Milk group; Similac Advance powder) or soy-based (Soy group; Emfamil Prosobee Lipil powder) infant formulas until day 21. In addition to measuring serum cholesterol concentrations, hepatic and intestinal genes involved in enterohepatic circulation of cholesterol and bile acids were analyzed by real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Bile acid concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry in serum, liver, and feces. Results Compared with the Sow group, hepatic cholesterol 7α hydroxylase (CYP7A1) protein expression was 3-fold higher in the Milk group (P < 0.05) and expression was 10-fold higher in the Soy group compared with the Milk group (P < 0.05). Likewise, fecal bile acid concentrations were 3-fold higher in the Soy group compared with the Milk group (P < 0.05). Intestinal mRNA expression of fibroblast factor 19 (Fgf19) was reduced in the Milk and Soy groups, corresponding to 54% and 67% decreases compared with the Sow group. In the Soy group, small heterodimer protein (SHP) protein expression was 30% lower compared with the Sow group (P < 0.05). Conclusions These results indicate that formula feeding leads to increased CYP7A1 protein expression and fecal bile acid loss in neonatal piglets, and this outcome is linked to reduced efficacy in inhibiting CYP7A1 expression through FGF19 and SHP transcriptional repression mechanisms.

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Cholesterol metabolism. II. Quantitative measurement of cholesterol absorption

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1965.20.3.538 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 538-541 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Daniel K. Bloomfield

Keyword(s):

Bile Acid ◽

Cholesterol Metabolism ◽

Dietary Cholesterol ◽

Cholesterol Absorption ◽

Fecal Bile Acid ◽

Fecal Bile Acids ◽

Human Use ◽

The Difference ◽

Sterol Excretion ◽

Physiological Method

A simple physiological method for quantitative study of cholesterol absorption is presented. The method uses the fecal bile acid tracer of dietary cholesterol-4-C14 as an index of cholesterol that has been absorbed, metabolized, and re-excreted. Since the fecal bile acid-to-sterol excretion ratio for rats on any specific diet is constant and can be measured, endogenous excretion of sterol can be calculated from bile acid values. Nonabsorbed sterol is the difference between total fecal sterol and endogenously excreted sterol. Although the method is described in rats, it is independent of species and is probably suitable for human use. endogenous sterol excretion; fecal bile acids and steroids Submitted on August 20, 1964

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Differential regulation of bile acid and cholesterol metabolism by the farnesoid X receptor in Ldlr -/- mice versus hamsters.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.717981699.793479674 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

Guorong Xu ◽

Monica Saumoy

Keyword(s):

Bile Acid ◽

Cholesterol Metabolism ◽

Differential Regulation ◽

Farnesoid X Receptor

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Mo1785 INCREASED FECAL BILE ACID EXCRETION IN A MAJORITY OF PATIENTS WITH DIARRHEA ASSOCIATED WITH MICROSCOPIC COLITIS, ULCERATIVE COLITIS, CROHN'S DISEASE, AND QUIESCENT CELIAC DISEASE

Gastroenterology ◽

10.1016/s0016-5085(20)32985-1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 158 (6) ◽

pp. S-919-S-920 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Priya Vijayvargiya ◽

Gerardo Calderon ◽

Daniel Gonzalez-Izundegui ◽

Sarah Tawfic ◽

Sarah Batbold ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ulcerative Colitis ◽

Crohn’S Disease ◽

Celiac Disease ◽

Bile Acid ◽

Crohn's Disease ◽

Microscopic Colitis ◽

Fecal Bile Acid ◽

Acid Excretion ◽

Bile Acid Excretion ◽

Colitis Ulcerative

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Liver Bile Acid Changes in Mouse Models of Alzheimer’s Disease

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22147451 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (14) ◽

pp. 7451

Author(s):

Harpreet Kaur ◽

Drew Seeger ◽

Svetlana Golovko ◽

Mikhail Golovko ◽

Colin Kelly Combs

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Bile Acid ◽

Bile Acids ◽

Cholesterol Metabolism ◽

Amyloid Β ◽

Acid Synthesis ◽

Bile Acid Synthesis ◽

Liver Cholesterol ◽

Bile Acid Metabolism

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive impairment. It is hypothesized to develop due to the dysfunction of two major proteins, amyloid-β (Aβ) and microtubule-associated protein, tau. Evidence supports the involvement of cholesterol changes in both the generation and deposition of Aβ. This study was performed to better understand the role of liver cholesterol and bile acid metabolism in the pathophysiology of AD. We used male and female wild-type control (C57BL/6J) mice to compare to two well-characterized amyloidosis models of AD, APP/PS1, and AppNL-G-F. Both conjugated and unconjugated primary and secondary bile acids were quantified using UPLC-MS/MS from livers of control and AD mice. We also measured cholesterol and its metabolites and identified changes in levels of proteins associated with bile acid synthesis and signaling. We observed sex differences in liver cholesterol levels accompanied by differences in levels of synthesis intermediates and conjugated and unconjugated liver primary bile acids in both APP/PS1 and AppNL-G-F mice when compared to controls. Our data revealed fundamental deficiencies in cholesterol metabolism and bile acid synthesis in the livers of two different AD mouse lines. These findings strengthen the involvement of liver metabolism in the pathophysiology of AD.

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Role of Baicalin and Liver X Receptor Alpha in the Formation of Cholesterol Gallstones in Mice

Gastroenterology Research and Practice ◽

10.1155/2020/1343969 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

Geng Chen ◽

Shuodong Wu

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Bile Acid ◽

Cholesterol Metabolism ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Liver X Receptor ◽

Cholesterol Gallstones ◽

Receptor Alpha ◽

Lithogenic Diet ◽

Liver X Receptor Alpha ◽

And Oxidative Stress

This study was aimed at investigating the effect of baicalin on experimental cholesterol gallstones in mice. The mouse gallstone model was induced by feeding with a lithogenic diet, and cholesterol stones were found in the gallbladder. The lithogenic diet caused elevation of triglycerides, cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein concentrations and descent of high-density lipoprotein concentration in serum. Hyperplasia and inflammatory infiltration were observed in the gallbladder wall of lithogenic diet-fed mice. We also found the increase of cholesterol content and the decrease of bile acid in bile. Real-time PCR and western blot results demonstrated that the expression levels of two enzymes (cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7a1) and sterol 12α-hydroxylase (CYP8b1)) to catalyze the synthesis of bile acid from cholesterol were decreased and that two cholesterol transporters (ATP-binding cassette transporter G5/G8 (ABCG5/8)) were increased in the liver of lithogenic diet-fed mice. The lithogenic diet also led to enhanced activity of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in serum; increased concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin- (IL-) 1β, IL-6, and malondialdehyde; and decreased superoxide dismutase activity in the liver, suggesting inflammatory and oxidative stress. In addition, liver X receptor alpha (LXRα) was increased in the liver. After gavage of baicalin, the lithogenic diet-induced gallstones, hyperlipidemia, gallbladder hyperplasia, inflammation, and oxidative stress in liver and cholesterol metabolism disorders were all alleviated to some degree. The expression of LXRα in the liver was inhibited by baicalin. In addition, the LXRα agonist T0901317 aggravated lithogenic diet-induced harmful symptoms in mice, including the increase of gallstone formation, hyperlipidemia, hepatic injury, inflammation, and oxidative stress. In conclusion, we demonstrated that baicalin played a protective role in a lithogenic diet-induced gallstone mouse model, which may be mediated by inhibition of LXRα activity. These findings may provide novel insights for prevention and therapy of gallstones in the clinic.

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Lactobacillus delbrueckii Interfere With Bile Acid Enterohepatic Circulation to Regulate Cholesterol Metabolism of Growing–Finishing Pigs via Its Bile Salt Hydrolase Activity

Frontiers in Nutrition ◽

10.3389/fnut.2020.617676 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

Author(s):

Gaifeng Hou ◽

Wei Peng ◽

Liangkai Wei ◽

Rui Li ◽

Yong Yuan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bile Acid ◽

Enterohepatic Circulation ◽

Cholesterol Metabolism ◽

Binding Protein ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Lactobacillus Delbrueckii ◽

Farnesoid X Receptor ◽

Bile Salt Hydrolase ◽

Lipoprotein Receptor ◽

Density Lipoprotein Receptor

Microbiota-targeted therapies for hypercholesterolemia get more and more attention and are recognized as an effective strategy for preventing and treating cardiovascular disease. The experiment was conducted to investigate the cholesterol-lowering mechanism of Lactobacillus delbrueckii in a pig model. Twelve barrows (38.70 ± 5.33 kg) were randomly allocated to two groups and fed corn–soybean meal diets with either 0% (Con) or 0.1% Lactobacillus delbrueckii (Con + LD) for 28 days. L. delbrueckii–fed pigs had lower serum contents of total cholesterol (TC), total bile acids (TBAs), and triglyceride, but higher fecal TC and TBA excretion. L. delbrueckii treatment increased ileal Lactobacillus abundance and bile acid (BA) deconjugation and affected serum and hepatic BA composition. Dietary L. delbrueckii downregulated the gene expression of ileal apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) and ileal bile acid binding protein (IBABP), and hepatic farnesoid X receptor (FXR), fibroblast growth factor (FGF19), and small heterodimer partner (SHP), but upregulated hepatic high-density lipoprotein receptor (HDLR), low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), sterol regulatory element binding protein-2 (SREBP-2), and cholesterol-7α hydroxylase (CYP7A1) expression. Our results provided in vivo evidence that L. delbrueckii promote ileal BA deconjugation with subsequent fecal TC and TBA extraction by modifying ileal microbiota composition and induce hepatic BA neosynthesis via regulating gut–liver FXR–FGF19 axis.

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Short- and long-term effects of biliary drainage on hepatic cholesterol metabolism in the rat

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj2690781 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 269 (3) ◽

pp. 781-788 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

M J Smit ◽

A M Temmerman ◽

R Havinga ◽

F Kuipers ◽

R J Vonk

Keyword(s):

Bile Acid ◽

Bile Flow ◽

Cholesterol Metabolism ◽

Acid Output ◽

Biliary Secretion ◽

Surgical Trauma ◽

Hepatic Cholesterol ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Short And Long Term

The present study concerns short- and long-term effects of interruption of the enterohepatic circulation (EHC) on hepatic cholesterol metabolism and biliary secretion in rats. For this purpose, we employed a technique that allows reversible interruption of the EHC, during normal feeding conditions, and excludes effects of anaesthesia and surgical trauma. [3H]Cholesteryl oleate-labelled human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was injected intravenously in rats with (1) chronically (8 days) interrupted EHC, (2) interrupted EHC at the time of LDL injection and (3) intact EHC. During the first 3 h after interruption of the EHC, bile flow decreased to 50% and biliary bile acid, phospholipid and cholesterol secretion to 5%, 11% and 19% of their initial values respectively. After 8 days of bile diversion, biliary cholesterol output and bile flow were at that same level, but bile acid output was increased 2-3-fold and phospholipid output was about 2 times lower. The total amount of cholesterol in the liver decreased after interruption of the EHC, which was mainly due to a decrease in the amount of cholesteryl ester. Plasma disappearance of LDL was not affected by interruption of the EHC. Biliary secretion of LDL-derived radioactivity occurred 2-4 times faster in chronically interrupted rats as compared with the excretion immediately after interruption of the EHC. Radioactivity was mainly in the form of bile acids under both conditions. This study demonstrates the very rapid changes that occur in cholesterol metabolism and biliary lipid composition after interruption of the EHC. These changes must be taken into account in studies concerning hepatic metabolism of lipoprotein cholesterol and subsequent secretion into bile.

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Regulation of Bile Acid and Cholesterol Metabolism by PPARs

PPAR Research ◽

10.1155/2009/501739 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 2009 ◽

pp. 1-15 ◽

Cited By ~ 65

Author(s):

Tiangang Li ◽

John Y. L. Chiang

Keyword(s):

Bile Acid ◽

Bile Acids ◽

Cholesterol Metabolism ◽

Acid Synthesis ◽

Bile Acid Synthesis ◽

Cholesterol Homeostasis ◽

Acid Oxidation ◽

Peroxisome Proliferator ◽

Major Pathway ◽

Therapeutic Implications

Bile acids are amphipathic molecules synthesized from cholesterol in the liver. Bile acid synthesis is a major pathway for hepatic cholesterol catabolism. Bile acid synthesis generates bile flow which is important for biliary secretion of free cholesterol, endogenous metabolites, and xenobiotics. Bile acids are biological detergents that facilitate intestinal absorption of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins. Recent studies suggest that bile acids are important metabolic regulators of lipid, glucose, and energy homeostasis. Agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARα, PPARγ, PPARδ) regulate lipoprotein metabolism, fatty acid oxidation, glucose homeostasis and inflammation, and therefore are used as anti-diabetic drugs for treatment of dyslipidemia and insulin insistence. Recent studies have shown that activation of PPARαalters bile acid synthesis, conjugation, and transport, and also cholesterol synthesis, absorption and reverse cholesterol transport. This review will focus on the roles of PPARs in the regulation of pathways in bile acid and cholesterol homeostasis, and the therapeutic implications of using PPAR agonists for the treatment of metabolic syndrome.

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