Comparison of Techniques for Obtaining Centric Relation Based on the Reproducibility of the Condylar Positions in Centric Relation—A Systematic Review

The objective of this systematic review was to compare centric relation (CR) techniques that belong to the same method of obtaining CR (guided, graphical, or physiological method), to verify which CR technique within each method of obtaining CR generates the greatest reproducibility of the condylar positions (or mandibular position) in CR. The PubMed, Cochrane Library, SciELO, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched for articles published up to May 5, 2021. The search terms were combinations of “dental centric relation” (MeSH), with each of the following terms (individually): “reproducibility of findings” (MeSH); “jaw relation record” (MeSH); “chin point”; “gothic arch”; “bimanual manipulation”; “swallowing” (MeSH); and “jig.” Inclusion criteria: clinical studies in English; individuals without temporomandibular dysfunction and with complete or almost complete dentition or complete edentulous; and comparison between CR techniques belonging to the same method of obtaining CR based on the reproducibility of condylar positions in CR. For each method of obtaining the CR, the following CR techniques were considered: guided method (chin point guidance and bimanual manipulation); graphic method (intraoral and extraoral gothic arch tracing); and physiologic method (swallowing and tongue retrusion along the palate). A total of 1692 articles were screened. After the inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, six articles were included in this review. None of the included studies evaluated edentulous individuals. All included articles compared CR techniques of the guided method. Three articles concluded that the bimanual technique showed greater reproducibility of the condylar positions in CR than the chin point guidance technique, two articles showed equivalence between these techniques, and 1 article concluded that the chin point guidance technique showed greater reproducibility of the condylar positions in CR than the bimanual technique. Thus, in this systematic review, the bimanual technique was often superior (generated greater reproducibility of the CR) or at least equivalent to the chin point guidance technique. Therefore, for individuals with complete dentition and without temporomandibular disorders, the bimanual technique is more recommended.

To the study of higher nervous activity in schizophrenia in children

The current state of the theory of conditioned reflexes dictates the necessity of introducing a physiological method for studying higher "nervous activity" into the everyday life of clinical research.

EEG signal classification for drowsiness detection using wavelet transform and support vector machine

<span id="docs-internal-guid-ed628156-7fff-8934-2369-94f011b043ca"><span>There are several categories to detect and measure driver drowsiness such as physiological methods, subjective methods and behavioral methods. The most objective method for drowsiness detection is the physiological method. One of the physiological methods used is an electroencephalogram (EEG). In this research wavelet transform is used as a feature extraction and using support vector machine (SVM) as a classifier. We proposed an experiment of retrieval data which is designed by using modified-EAR and EEG signal. From the SVM training process, with the 5-fold cross validation, Quadratic kernel has the highest accuracy 84.5% then others. In testing Driving-2 process 7 respondents were detected as drowsiness class, and 3 respondents were detected as awake class. In the testing of Driving-3 process, 6 respondents were detected as drowsiness class, and 4 respondents were detected as awake class. </span></span>

Physiological Measures of Acute and Chronic Pain within Different Subject Groups: A Systematic Review

Background and Objective. The most frequently used methods for assessing pain are self-reports and observation. However, physiological methods could improve accuracy and reliability for those with communicative difficulties. This review’s objective is to analyze methods used to physiologically assess pain, to rank them by invasiveness per method and vulnerability per subject group, and to assess their technological maturity. Databases and Data Treatment. Six international databases were searched for review papers between 2007 and 2019. Inclusion criteria were as follows: at least one physiological method for acute or chronic pain in humans; languages were as follows: English, French, Dutch, German, and Spanish. Quality of reviews was assessed using the CASP checklist. Results. The methods’ heart rate variability and electroencephalogram show clear and consistent results as acute pain assessment. Magnetic resonance imaging can measure chronic pain. Ordered by invasiveness and vulnerability, a trend shows that the invasive methods are used more with less vulnerable subjects. Only instruments used for skin conductance and automatic facial recognition have a lower-than-average technological maturity. Conclusions. Some pain assessment methods show good and consistent results and have high technological maturity; however, using them as pain assessment for persons with ID is uncommon. Since this addition can ameliorate caregiving, more research of assessment methods should occur.

Influence of Mannitol Priming on Maize Seeds Under Induced Water Stress

Drought stress is seen as the major abiotic stress in the modern day agriculture and hinders crop germination and seedling establishment and maize suffers the problem more as a summer season crop. Priming is a physiological method to overcome such deleterious effect of water stress with the main aim of increasing the germination of seed. A lab experiment was therefore performed with maize seed priming using Mannitol @ 0%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% (w/v) concentrations subjected to germination under induced drought of 0 Mpa, 0.15 Mpa, 0.5 MPa, 1.0 MPa and 1.7 MPa using NaCl. The experiment was laid in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Priming with mannitol reduced the Mean Germination Time (MGT); the best result obtained in seeds primed with 2% mannitol. However, the final germination count, Relative Water Content (RWC) and root and shoot length remained unaltered. Germination activities reduced with increasing moisture stress. The study indicated that priming with mannitol could improve the speed of germination in maize seeds.

Analysis of functional methods for determining the optimal position of the mandible

Relevance. The subject of the research is to compare different functional methods for determining the optimal position of the mandible.Purpose. To find the advantages and disadvantages of using various functional diagnostic methods to determine the optimal position of the mandible.Materials and methods. We conducted a literature review of the functional methods for determining the optimal position of the mandible in the treatment of patients with temporomandibular disorders. Nowadays different methods are used, such as anatomical and physiological method, bilateral manipulation, front deprogrammer, graphic method, aksiography, kineziography, TENS et al.Results. The method of bimanual manipulation and frontal deprogrammer determine the central relation when TMJ pathology is not expressed and the load test is negative. The graphic method evaluates the function of the temporomandibular joint, determines the optimal position of the mandible. TENS moves the lower jaw to a position of physiological rest. Kinesiography and Axiography determine the temporomandibular disorders and we can use them to dynamically monitor patients at all stages of treatment, monitor the determination of the optimal position of the mandible.Conclusion. From the results of this study, we can conclude that there are a lot of methods of functional diagnostics of TMJ, which help to determine the optimal position of the mandible. Everybody can choose their own set of methods, that let reduce the number of non-examined patients with temporomandibular disorders.

Physiological methods as indexes of listening effort measurement: an integrative literature review

ABSTRACT Purpose: to review the scientific literature and present existing instruments and methods for the objective assessment of the listening effort in normal hearing individuals worldwide. Methods: a literature integrative review whose purpose was to gather and summarize the scientific knowledge regarding the objective methods theme for measuring the listening effort, developed through the search of articles in specialized national and international journals, in the English and Portuguese languages, available in the databases: PUBMED, Cochrane Library, LILACS and SCIELO. Results: 18 articles which used physiological methods to measure the listening effort in individuals with normal hearing were reviewed. The main findings described in those articles refer to the author(s) and purpose(s) of the research, country where the research was conducted, casuistry, physiological method used and results. Conclusion: there is no consensus among the researchers about the best physiological method to measure this parameter, that is, this effort in the speech perception tasks, although the level of skin conductance is considered the most accurate measure to date.

Triage and the Modified Physiological Triage Tool-24 (MPTT-24)

Major incidents occur on a regular basis. So far in 2017, England has witnessed five terrorism-related major incidents, resulting in approximately 40 fatalities and 400 injured. Triage is a key principle in the effective management of a major incident and involves prioritising patients on the basis of their clinical acuity. This paper describes the limitations associated with existing methods of primary major incident triage and the process of developing a new and improved triage tool—the Modified Physiological Triage Tool-24 (MPTT-24). Whilst the MPTT-24 is likely to be the optimum physiological method for primary major incident triage, it needs to be accompanied by an appropriate secondary triage process. The existing UK military and civilian secondary triage tool, the Triage Sort, is described, which offers little advantage over primary methods for identifying patients who require life-saving intervention. Further research is required to identify the optimum method of secondary triage.