The most difficult problem on syntheses of the phthalocyanine-based liquid crystals is the long reaction time. In order to shorten the reaction time, we have developed novel Methods A, B and D, for the syntheses of phthalocyanine-based liquid crystals by using microwave heating and/or adding a phase transfer catalysis of Aliquat 336. A series of phthalocyanine derivatives C[Formula: see text]PcZn(1) ([Formula: see text] 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18: a, b, c and e) could be successfully synthesized in a dramatically short reaction time of 30–60 min using Methods A and B by microwave heating. On the other hand, anothor series of the derivatives C[Formula: see text](OH)PcZn (2a–2e) could not be synthesized by microwave heating. Therefore, all these derivatives were synthesized using conventional Method C by oil bath heating, but the reaction took a very long time (22.5–88 h). To shorten the reaction time, we have developed Method D by oil bath heating with adding a phase transfer catalyst of Aliquat 336. In this method, we successfully shortened the reaction time from 88 h to 3 h for the synthesis of the derivative 2a. Thus, the reaction time for oil bath heating can be also greatly shortened by adding the phase transfer catalyst of Aliquat 336. Furthermore, we have established from POM, DSC and temperature-dependent X-ray diffraction measurements that the derivative C[Formula: see text]PcZn (1a) shows a very rare pseudohexagonal columnar (Col[Formula: see text] phase, and that the derivatives C[Formula: see text]PcZn (1b–1e) and C[Formula: see text](OH)PcZn (2b–2e) exhibit spontaneous perfect homeotropic alignment in a large area between two glass plates in their Col[Formula: see text] phases.
Optofluidic Platform Based on Liquid Crystals in X-Cut Lithium Niobate: Thresholdless All-Optical Response
