History of EPI Suite™ and future perspectives on chemical property estimation in US Toxic Substances Control Act new chemical risk assessments

After a brief introduction on the history of burnout, this article reviews the past performance of burnout research by answering ten key-questions: (1) How can burnout be assessed?; (2) Is burnout limited to the human services?; (3) Is burnout a mental disorder; (4) What is the prevalence of burnout?; (5) Is burnout a global phenomenon?; (6) Is burnout relevant for organisations; (7) What are the causes of burnout?; (8) What are the consequences of burnout?; (9) How can burnout be explained?; (10) Are burnout interventions effective? In the concluding section a future research agenda is drafted on the bases of the answers given to the previous questions. This agenda includes such issues as the measurement and conceptualisation of burnout, mild and severe forms of burnout, epidemiological and cross-cultural perspectives, organisational outcomes, longitudinal investigations, theoretical explanations, and interventions. Opsomming Na ’n kort inleiding oor die geskiedenis van uitbranding gee hierdie artikel ’n oorsig van vorige prestasie van navorsing ten opsigte van uitbranding deur tien sleutelvrae te beantwoord: (1) Hoe kan uitbranding bepaal word?; (2) Is uitbranding beperk tot die mens-dienste?; (3) Is uitbranding ’n geestesafwyking?; (4) Wat is die voorkoms van uitbranding?; (5) Is uitbranding ’n wêreldwye verskynsel?; (6) Is uitbranding relevant vir organisasies?; (7) Wat is die oorsake van uitbranding?; (8) Wat is die gevolge van uitbranding?; (9) Hoe kan uitbranding verklaar word?; (10) Is uitbrandingsingrepe effektief? In die gevolgtrekking word ’n toekomstige navorsingsagenda op grond van die antwoorde op die voorafgaande vrae opgestel. Hierdie agenda sluit aangeleenthede soos die meting en konseptualisering van uitbranding, matige en ernstige vorme van uitbranding, epidemiologiese en kruiskulturele perspektiewe, organisasie- uitkomste, longitudinale ondersoeke, teoretiese verklarings en intervensies in.

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Chemicals and Hazardous Substances

The Politics of Precaution ◽

10.23943/princeton/9780691124162.003.0005 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

David Vogel

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Federal Government ◽

The United States ◽

Hazardous Substances ◽

Risk Assessments ◽

Toxic Substances ◽

European Policies ◽

Toxic Substances Control Act ◽

The U.S ◽

The Eu

This chapter looks at American and European policies toward the risks of chemicals and hazardous substances. The 1976 Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) significantly strengthened American chemical regulations and contributed to the 1979 decision of the EU to both harmonize and strengthen its chemical regulations, though they remained weaker than those of the United States. While there has been no major statutory change in American chemical regulation since then, in 2006 the EU approved REACH—the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals, which made European chemical regulations significantly more stringent and comprehensive than those of the United States. Meanwhile, risk assessments by the U.S. federal government do not consider the hazardous substances in electronics deposited in landfills as a threat to public health.

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To Test or Not to Test: Tools, Rules, and Corporate Data in US Chemicals Regulation

Science Technology & Human Values ◽

10.1177/01622439211013373 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 016224392110133

Author(s):

Angela N. H. Creager

Keyword(s):

Environmental Protection Agency ◽

Reagan Administration ◽

Nixon Administration ◽

Environmental Data ◽

Toxic Substances ◽

Industrial Chemicals ◽

Public Data ◽

History Of ◽

Draft Bill ◽

Toxic Substances Control Act

When the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) was passed by the US Congress in 1976, its advocates pointed to new generation of genotoxicity tests as a way to systematically screen chemicals for carcinogenicity. However, in the end, TSCA did not require any new testing of commercial chemicals, including these rapid laboratory screens. In addition, although the Environmental Protection Agency was to make public data about the health effects of industrial chemicals, companies routinely used the agency’s obligation to protect confidential business information to prevent such disclosures. This paper traces the contested history of TSCA and its provisions for testing, from the circulation of the first draft bill in the Nixon administration through the debates over its implementation, which stretched into the Reagan administration. The paucity of publicly available health and environmental data concerning chemicals, I argue, was a by-product of the law and its execution, leading to a situation of institutionalized ignorance, the underside of regulatory knowledge.

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What REACH can teach us about TSCA: Retrospectives of America's Failed Toxics Statute

European Journal of Risk Regulation ◽

10.1017/s1867299x00000052 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 40-50

Author(s):

James T. O'Reilly

Keyword(s):

Small Group ◽

Risk Assessments ◽

Toxic Substances ◽

Personal Essay ◽

Chemical Safety ◽

Comparative Risk ◽

Toxic Substances Control Act

Comparative risk assessments in the chemical safety field sometimes adopt a lofty view of the purposes of legislation. This personal essay is not lofty, and it is not just another professor's comparison of the purposes of the European Union's REACH with American regulatory programmes. I write today as an individual, as the last active remaining participant of the small group of industry players in 1975–76 who helped to negotiate the details of the 1976 US Toxic Substances Control Act (“TSCA”). As advocates for industry we won the key arguments over the law's terms and conditions, but the decades since have not shown TSCA to be a triumph for anyone.

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Regulation of Chemicals

The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Environmental Law ◽

10.1093/law/9780198790952.003.0026 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 577-606

Author(s):

Lucas Bergkamp ◽

Adam Abelkop

Keyword(s):

Risk Management ◽

Toxic Substances ◽

Chemical Safety ◽

Chemical Risk ◽

Chemicals Regulation ◽

The Us ◽

Key Concepts ◽

Chemicals Policy ◽

Toxic Substances Control Act ◽

Reach Regulation

This chapter examines the regulation of chemicals, with emphasis on commonalities and differences in regulatory approaches. It begins with a brief overview of key concepts that underlie chemicals regulation, explaining what chemicals regulation is, the hazards and risks associated with chemicals, policy principles, informational inputs, and how chemicals are identified. The chapter then considers the general components of chemicals regulation, namely: screening and prioritization, risk assessment and decision analysis, and risk management. It also discusses regulatory fragmentation, risk management through the supply chain, and the complementary roles of regulation and liability systems. Finally, it shows how common aspects of chemical risk laws fit into the EU’s Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation, and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) Regulation and the US Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) as amended by the Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act (LCSA).

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Population susceptibility: A vital consideration in chemical risk evaluation under the Lautenberg Toxic Substances Control Act

PLoS Biology ◽

10.1371/journal.pbio.3000372 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (8) ◽

pp. e3000372

Author(s):

Patricia D. Koman ◽

Veena Singla ◽

Juleen Lam ◽

Tracey J. Woodruff

Keyword(s):

Risk Evaluation ◽

Toxic Substances ◽

Chemical Risk ◽

Toxic Substances Control Act

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Review of Current and Emerging Approaches for Quantitative Nanostructure-Activity Relationship Modeling

Journal of Nanotoxicology and Nanomedicine ◽

10.4018/jnn.2016010101 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 1-16 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Natalia Sizochenko ◽

Jerzy Leszczynski

Keyword(s):

Computational Analysis ◽

Inorganic Nanoparticles ◽

Future Perspectives ◽

Qsar Modeling ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

The Past ◽

Structure Activity ◽

Inorganic Nanomaterials ◽

Toxicity Mechanisms ◽

Statistical Approaches

Quantitative structure-activity/property relationships (QSAR/QSPR) approaches that have been applied with success in a number of studies are currently used as indispensable tools in the computational analysis of nanomaterials. Evolution of nano-QSAR methodology to the ranks of novel field of knowledge has resulted in the development of new so-called “nano-descriptors” and extension of the statistical approaches domain. This brief review focuses on the critical analysis of advantages and disadvantages of existing methods of nanoparticles' representation and their analysis in framework of structure-activity relationships. It summarizes recent QSAR/QSPR studies on inorganic nanomaterials. Here the authors describe practices for the QSAR modeling of inorganic nanoparticles, existing datasets, and discuss applicable descriptors and future perspectives of this field. About 50 different (Q)SAR/SPR models for inorganic nanomaterials have been developed during the past 5 years. An analysis of these peer reviewed publications shows that the most popular property of nanoparticles modeled via QSAR is their toxicity towards different bacteria, cell lines, and microorganisms. It has been clearly shown how nano-QSAR can contribute to the elucidation of toxicity mechanisms and different physical properties of inorganic nanomaterials.

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On The Possibility of an Autonomous History of Modern Southeast Asia

Journal of Southeast Asian History ◽

10.1017/s0084255900007944 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 73-105 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

John R. W. Small

Keyword(s):

Southeast Asia ◽

Contemporary History ◽

The Past ◽

History Of

It is generally accepted that history is an element of culture and the historian a member of society, thus, in Croce's aphorism, that the only true history is contemporary history. It follows from this that when there occur great changes in the contemporary scene, there must also be great changes in historiography, that the vision not merely of the present but also of the past must change.

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Stellar Evolution

Transactions of the International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s0251107x00022343 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 11 (02) ◽

pp. 137-143

Author(s):

M. Schwarzschild

Keyword(s):

Solar System ◽

Stellar Evolution ◽

Space Craft ◽

New Techniques ◽

Substantial Body ◽

Individual Stars ◽

The Past ◽

Evolution Of Galaxies ◽

History Of ◽

Fast Flow

It is perhaps one of the most important characteristics of the past decade in astronomy that the evolution of some major classes of astronomical objects has become accessible to detailed research. The theory of the evolution of individual stars has developed into a substantial body of quantitative investigations. The evolution of galaxies, particularly of our own, has clearly become a subject for serious research. Even the history of the solar system, this close-by intriguing puzzle, may soon make the transition from being a subject of speculation to being a subject of detailed study in view of the fast flow of new data obtained with new techniques, including space-craft.

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A 200-Year History of the Study of Childhood Language Disorders of Unknown Origin: Changes in Terminology

Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups ◽

10.1044/2019_pers-sig1-2019-0007 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 6-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Laurence B. Leonard

Keyword(s):

Language Impairment ◽

Specific Language Impairment ◽

Scientific Literature ◽

Language Disorder ◽

Language Disorders ◽

Unknown Origin ◽

Developmental Language Disorder ◽

The Past ◽

History Of ◽

The Many

Purpose The current “specific language impairment” and “developmental language disorder” discussion might lead to important changes in how we refer to children with language disorders of unknown origin. The field has seen other changes in terminology. This article reviews many of these changes. Method A literature review of previous clinical labels was conducted, and possible reasons for the changes in labels were identified. Results References to children with significant yet unexplained deficits in language ability have been part of the scientific literature since, at least, the early 1800s. Terms have changed from those with a neurological emphasis to those that do not imply a cause for the language disorder. Diagnostic criteria have become more explicit but have become, at certain points, too narrow to represent the wider range of children with language disorders of unknown origin. Conclusions The field was not well served by the many changes in terminology that have transpired in the past. A new label at this point must be accompanied by strong efforts to recruit its adoption by clinical speech-language pathologists and the general public.

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