Chemical reactions in the hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass and in the catalytic hydrogenation upgrading of biocrude

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Botian Hao ◽  
Donghai Xu ◽  
Guanyu Jiang ◽  
Tanveer Ahmed Sabri ◽  
Zefeng Jing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Catalytic Hydrogenation ◽  
Hydrothermal Liquefaction ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
Catalyst Type

This article systematically describes chemical reactions in biomass HTL and the catalytic hydrogenation upgrading of the obtained biocrude and analyze the effects of operating parameters on these two processes, such as reaction temperature, residence time and catalyst type.

Preparation of Low Chlorine Shellac from Seedlac by Dechlorination Process Using Pd/Fe Binary Metal as Catalyst

2009 ◽  
Vol 79-82 ◽  
pp. 1879-1882 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya Long Liao ◽  
Fu Chang Xu ◽  
Dong Bo Li
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Catalytic Hydrogenation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Deposition ◽  
Structure Characterization ◽  
Binary Metal ◽  
Elementary Analysis ◽  
Chlorine Ions ◽  
Ultraviolet Spectrophotometer

Pd/Fe bimetallic catalysts were synthesized via chemical deposition and used to eliminate chlorine compacted in shellac while it was being bleached with sodium hypochlorite in alkaline solution for the preparation of low chlorine shellac, a natural and biological product used in large scale in food industry and pharmaceutical fields. Experiments demonstrated that the Pd/Fe bimetallic particles could catalyze dechlorination process effectively, which was affected by several factors such as reaction temperature, Pd/Fe ratio, and the induction of Pd/Fe. The dechlorination efficiency reached 81.9% under the conditions of Pd/Fe loading ratio of 0.10wt%, binary metal usage 10 g/L, H2 flowing rate 50 mL/min, and reaction temperature 90°C for 240 min. Moreover, the mechanism of catalytic hydrogenation was elucidated through structure characterization of the final products using elementary analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and ultraviolet spectrophotometer. It was shown from the result of ultraviolet spectrophotometer that the wavelength of the maximum absorption of seedlac, the raw materials for obtaining shellac, was 235 nm. However, it was blue shifted to the same value 222 nm when the shellac was dechlorinated by catalytic hydrogenation with Pd/Fe binary metal particle as the shellac without catalyzed. The results of elementary analysis showed that chlorine content in the final product was only 0.46%, just 1/5 comparing to that of non-declorination by catalytic hydrogenation under the optimum conditions. It was shown that the chlorine ions compacted in the shellac was substituted by hydrogen ions.

Effect of operating parameters on hydrothermal liquefaction of corn straw and its life cycle assessment

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 6362-6374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiqiu Zhang ◽  
Shengnan Zhou ◽  
Xue Yang ◽  
Wen Xi ◽  
Kui Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Hydrothermal Liquefaction ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
Corn Straw

Single- and two-step hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae in a semi-continuous reactor: Effect of the operating parameters

2015 ◽  
Vol 191 ◽  
pp. 426-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keerati Prapaiwatcharapan ◽  
Sasithorn Sunphorka ◽  
Prapan Kuchonthara ◽  
Kunn Kangvansaichol ◽  
Napida Hinchiranan
Keyword(s):  
Hydrothermal Liquefaction ◽  
Continuous Reactor ◽  
Operating Parameters

scholarly journals Investigation of Hydrodynamic Behavior of Alginate Aerogel Particles in a Laboratory Scale Wurster Fluidized Bed

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (16) ◽  
pp. 2915
Author(s):  
Işık Sena Akgün ◽  
Can Erkey
Keyword(s):  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
Tube Length ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
Hydrodynamic Behavior ◽  
Particle Residence Time ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Gap Height ◽  
Circulatory Motion

The effects of design and operating parameters on the superficial velocity at the onset of circulatory motion and the residence time of alginate aerogel particles in a laboratory scale Wurster fluidized bed were investigated. Several sets of experiments were conducted by varying Wurster tube diameter, Wurster tube length, batch volume and partition gap height. The superficial velocities for Wurster tube with 10 cm diameter were lower than the tube with 8 cm diameter. Superficial velocities increased with increasing batch volume and partition gap height. Moreover, increasing batch volume and partition gap height led to a decrease in the particle residence time in the Wurster tube. The results showed that there is an upper limit for each parameter in order to obtain a circulatory motion of the particles. It was found that the partition gap height should be 2 cm for proper particle circulation. Maximum batch volume for the tube with 10 cm diameter was found as 500 mL whereas maximum batch volume was 250 mL for the tube with 8 cm diameter. The fluidization behavior of the aerogel particles investigated in this study could be described by the general fluidization diagrams in the literature.

Hydrothermal liquefaction of barley straw to bio-crude oil: Effects of reaction temperature and aqueous phase recirculation

2015 ◽  
Vol 137 ◽  
pp. 183-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhe Zhu ◽  
Lasse Rosendahl ◽  
Saqib Sohail Toor ◽  
Donghong Yu ◽  
Guanyi Chen
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Hydrothermal Liquefaction ◽  
Barley Straw

Preparation of Alkyl Polyglucoside Surfactants by One-Step

2012 ◽  
Vol 550-553 ◽  
pp. 75-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia Yin Li ◽  
Yan Jun Liu ◽  
Guo Zheng ◽  
Yu Sun ◽  
Ya Ning Hao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Reaction Pressure ◽  
Toluenesulfonic Acid ◽  
Catalyst Type ◽  
One Step ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
Alkyl Polyglucoside

Dodecyl polyglucoside was synthesized by glucose and dodecanol using P-toluenesulfonic acid as catalyst. The effects catalyst type, proportion of material, reaction temperature and pressure were discussed in this paper. The most appropriate reaction conditions: mole ratio of laurel alcohol and glucose 6:1, mass of ratio of P-toluenesulfonic and glucose 0.008:1, reaction temperature 120°C and reaction pressure 5.0kPa.

Synthesis of ethyl-6-aminohexanoate from caprolactam and ethanol in near-critical water

2014 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi Hou ◽  
Li Luo ◽  
Chun Liu ◽  
Yuan Wang ◽  
Li Dai
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Reaction Mechanism ◽  
Kinetic Equation ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Arrhenius Equation ◽  
Order Reaction ◽  
Initial Ratio ◽  
Second Order Reaction ◽  
Water Ph

AbstractThe reaction between caprolactam and ethanol was performed in near-critical water. The primary product (ethyl-6-aminohexanoate) was identified by GC-MS. The influences of the reaction temperature, residence time, initial ratio (reactant/water), pH, and additives on the yields of ethyl-6-aminohexanoate are discussed. The results showed that the yield of ethyl-6-aminohexanoate could be as high as 98 % with SnCl2 as an additive in near-critical water. At the same time, the reaction between caprolactam and ethanol was estimated by a lumped kinetic equation as a second-order reaction in near-critical water, and the activation energy was evaluated according to the Arrhenius equation under acidic and basic conditions. Based on the results, the reaction mechanism between caprolactam and ethanol in near-critical water is proposed.

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