scholarly journals XLVII.—Note on the specific gravity and boiling point of chromyl dichloride

1868 ◽  
Vol 21 (0) ◽  
pp. 514-515
Author(s):  
T. E. Thorpe
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Boiling Point

E EVALUASI MUTU MINYAK BUMI DENGAN DISTILASI TRUE BOILING POINT (TBP) BERDASARKAN PARAMETER UJI SIFAT FISIKA SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKU PRODUK KEROSIN DAN AVTUR

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
pp. 20-27
Author(s):  
Dian Kurnia Sari ◽  
Rian Ternando
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Boiling Point ◽  
Kinematic Viscosity ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Smoke Point ◽  
Flash Point ◽  
Primary Process ◽  
Copper Strip

Minyak bumi dievaluasi guna menentukan potensi minyak bumi sebagai bahan baku kilang minyak untuk menghasilkan fraksi yang dikehendaki. Evaluasi yang dilakukan meliputi pengujian sifat umum minyak bumi, klasifikasi minyak bumi dengan distilasi True Boiling Point (TBP) wide cut (pemotongan jarak lebar) serta analisis fraksi kerosin. Fraksi kerosin yang dihasilkan dari primary process dapat diolah menjadi bahan bakar rumah tangga (minyak  tanah) dan bahan bakar lampu penerangan. Selain itu fraksi kerosin juga dapat dioalah menjadi bahan bakar untuk pesawat terbang jenis jet (avtur). Avtur adalah kerosin yang dengan  spesifikasi yang diperketat, terutama mengenai titik uap dan titik beku. Untuk melakukan pengolahan pada minyak bumi perlu diketahui karakteristik dan spesifikasi minyak  bumi (bahan baku) yang akan diolah untuk mengetahui mutu dan manfaat minyak bumi tersebut. Salah satu parameter uji analisis minyak bumi yaitu parameter sifat fisika. Dari data distilasi TBP diperoleh persentase fraksi kerosin Crude Oil 99 PT HS sebesar 29 % vol sedangkan Crude Oil 165 PT RT sebesar 23 % vol. Berdasarkan analisis sifat fisika yang meliputi Specific Gravity, Refractive Index nD20, Freezing Point, Smoke Point, Flash Point “Abel”, Aniline Point, Copper Strip Corrosion, Kinematic Viscosity dan Characterization KUOP. Crude Oil 99 dan Crude Oil 165 memiliki mutu yang baik serta memenuhi spesifikasi produk kerosin maupun produk avtur.

XVI. On the value in absolute alcohol of spirits of different specific gravities

1847 ◽  
Vol 137 ◽  
pp. 249-251 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Boiling Point ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Great Care ◽  
Absolute Alcohol

Having been for some months past occupied with experiments on the fermentation of sugar and molasses, and having found it necessary to construct for this purpose a new table of the quantity per centum by weight of absolute alcohol contained in spirits of different specific gravities, I venture to lay the same before the Royal Society, hoping that it may be found generally useful in inquiries of this kind, and also for other purposes. The Table was formed synthetically; absolute alcohol and distilled water were weighed out in the required proportions, mixed in small well-stopped bottles and well-shaken together. After standing three or four days the mixtures were brought to the temperature of 60° Fahr. exactly, and their specific gravities determined with great care. After the lapse of two or three days more this last-named operation was repeated, but in no case was it observed that any further contraction had occurred. Neither was the specific gravity of a mixture containing nearly equal parts alcohol and water which had been so examined changed by being inclosed in a strong accurately-stoppered bottle, and heated for some time to a temperature above its boiling-point.

scholarly journals Comparison of Empirical Models to Predict Viscosity of Secondary Vacuum Gas Oils

Resources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
Dicho S. Stratiev ◽  
Svetoslav Nenov ◽  
Ivelina K. Shishkova ◽  
Rosen K. Dinkov ◽  
Kamen Zlatanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Boiling Point ◽  
Empirical Models ◽  
Gas Oil ◽  
Characteristic Parameters ◽  
Prediction Ability ◽  
Aromatic Content ◽  
Average Boiling Point ◽  
Viscosity Prediction ◽  
Oil Gas

This work presents characterization data and viscosity of 34 secondary vacuum gas oils (H-Oil gas oils, visbreaker gas oils, and fluid catalytic cracking slurry oils) with aromatic content reaching up to 100 wt.%. Inter-criteria analysis was employed to define the secondary VGO characteristic parameters which have an effect on viscosity. Seven published empirical models to predict viscosity of the secondary vacuum gas oils were examined for their prediction ability. The empirical model of Aboul-Seud and Moharam was found to have the lowest error of prediction. A modification of Aboul-Seoud and Moharam model by separating the power terms accounting for the effects of specific gravity and average boiling point improves the accuracy of viscosity prediction. It was discovered that the relation of slope of viscosity decrease with temperature enhancement for the secondary vacuum gas oil is not a constant. This slope increases with the average boiling point and the specific gravity augmentation, a fact that has not been discussed before.

2. On Zinc-Methyl

1862 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 315-317
Author(s):  
J. A. Wanklyn
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Boiling Point ◽  
The Body ◽  
Small Glass ◽  
Vapour Density ◽  
Glass Tubes

Considerable difficulties attend the preparation of zinc-methyl. Frankland, who discovered the body, obtained it by heating pure iodide of methyl and zinc enclosed in small glass tubes. Owing to the high temperature at which reaction takes place, much gas is formed; hence the operation must be confined to very small quantities of materials.No determination of the boiling-point, specific gravity, nor yet of the vapour density of zinc-methyl, was made by its discoverer; from which fact may be inferred how small was the product available for investigation.

Effect of C7+ Properties on Equation-of-State Predictions

1984 ◽  
Vol 24 (06) ◽  
pp. 685-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curtis H. Whitson
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Boiling Point ◽  
Binary Interaction ◽  
Critical Properties ◽  
Critical Property ◽  
Interaction Coefficients ◽  
Acentric Factor ◽  
Pvt Data ◽  
Petroleum Fractions ◽  
Property Correlations

Summary This work studies the effect of heptanes-plus (C7+) characterization on equation-of-state (EOS) predictions. Both the Peng-Robinson EOS (PREOS) and a modified Redlich-Kwong EOS are used. Several characterization schemes found in the literature are used in the study. Six reservoir fluids with extended C7+ analysis have been chosen, representing a broad range of compositions and PVT data. First, the study deals with methods for estimating specific gravities and boiling points of petroleum fractions, two properties usually required by critical property correlations. EOS predictions are made by using critical properties based on specific gravities and boiling points measured experimentally and estimated with correlations. Next, a review of critical-property correlations is given, including a review of commonly used correlations. Four correlations are chosen to study the effect of critical properties on EOS predictions. Results indicate that relatively small differences in critical properties and acentric factor can result in significant differences in EOS predictions. Finally, a study is made of the effect that adjustments in C7+ critical properties have on EOS predictions; adjustments of EOS constants (Oa and Ob) and binary interaction coefficients also are studied. The influence of individual and combined adjustments to C7+ properties are illustrated graphically. They provide qualitative guidelines that can be used when matching experimental PVT data with an EOS. Introduction Recently there has been an increasing interest in EOR methods. One result has been the need to develop numerical models for simulating EOR processes involving complex phase behavior. Most of these models use an EOS to predict vapor/liquid equilibrium (VLE) and volumetric phase behavior. A typical problem with using an EOS is the difficulty in describing petroleum fractions constituting C7+. These fractions significantly affect EOS predictions, as has been reported in the literature. Usually only limited C7+ data are available to describe C7+ fractions. Even so, estimates of critical properties - critical pressure, critical temperature, and acentric factor - are required by most EOS's. Several correlations exist for estimating critical properties of petroleum fractions. Most are empirical equations giving a best fit of graphical correlations based on experimental data. Boiling point and specific gravity usually are required by critical property correlations. Several methods exist for estimating specific gravity and boiling point of petroleum fractions when only C7+ properties are known. Four of these have been used in our study. Several methods have been tried to improve C7+ characterization by approximating the chemical makeup of petroleum fractions. The most common approach assumes that petroleum fractions are composed of three hydrocarbon groups: paraffins (P), naphthenes (N), and aromatics (A). Several methods exist for estimating PNA content of petroleum fractions. 1–3 Three aspects of C7+ characterization have been studied:methods for estimating specific gravity and boiling point of petroleum fractions,correlations for estimating critical pressure, critical temperature, and acentric factor, andmanual adjustment of critical properties, EOS constants (Oa and Ob), and binary interaction coefficients (particularly between methane/CO2 and C7+ fractions). Reservoir fluids used in this study were chosen on the basis of availability of distillation data for C7+ fractions and the type of PVT measurements reported. Six fluids have been chosen from the literature, including fluids ranging from a lean gas to a black oil. PVT measurements have been reported at more than one temperature for some of the mixtures, which allows the study of temperature dependence of binary interaction coefficients between methane and C7+ fractions. Two cubic EOS's are used to make PVT predictions. PREOS4 was chosen because it is widely accepted in the industry and it generally yields better liquid-density estimates than the comparable Soave-Redlich-Kwong5 (SRK) equation. As a representative of the Redlich-Kwong6 family, Yarborough's7 version of the modified Zudkevich-Joffe-Redlich-Kwong8 (ZJRK) equation was chosen. Results from this work suggest that C7+ characterization has a significant influence on EOS predictions of reservoir fluid behavior. It is difficult to make objective conclusions about which C7+ characterization schemes are best. A different approach to characterization is needed. One possible alternative would be to calculate critical properties of petroleum fractions such that measured values of specific gravity and boiling point are force-fit by the EOS.

EFFECTS OF POSITION ISOMERISM ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GLYCOLS

1950 ◽  
Vol 28b (10) ◽  
pp. 608-622 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Thermal Expansion ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Boiling Point ◽  
Pure State ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Molar Refraction ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Point Data

Specific gravity, refractivity, viscosity, boiling point, and freezing point data are provided for 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,2-pentanediol and 1,5-pentanediol, in the pure state and in aqueous solution. The observed molar refraction values agreed closely with Mr values calculated according to Swientoslawski. Lengthening the distance between the hydroxyl substituents increases the specific gravity, refractivity, boiling point, and viscosity, and reduces thermal expansion and isothermal contraction on mixing with water. The order of decreasing effectiveness as freezing point depressants on a weight basis is 1,2-propanediol, leva- 2,3-butanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,2-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, and 1,2-pentanediol. Aqueous solutions of all of these glycols exhibit pronounced specific gravity maxima. The glycol concentration at which maximum specific gravity is attained increases with increasing distance between the hydroxyl substituents.

scholarly journals II. Note on the amyl-compounds derived from petroleum

1867 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 131-132 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Azelaic Acid ◽  
Boiling Point ◽  
Fusel Oil ◽  
Boiling Points ◽  
Heptyl Alcohol

In a former communication I have shown that the hydride of heptyl obtained from petroleum has a higher specific gravity than its isomers ethyl-amyl, and hydride of heptyl from azelaic acid. The same is the case with their derivatives, and some of these isomeric compounds also show considerable differences in their boiling-points. I could not compare the different heptyl-compounds which I prepared with those of heptyl-alcohol formed by fermentation, as the latter substance is very little known, and I therefore considered it interesting to compare the amyl-compounds from fusel-oil with those obtained from petroleum. From the latter substance I prepared a considerable quantity of pure hydride of amyl, which boiled constantly at 33°—35°C. ; and I did not succeed in lowering the boiling-point any further. From this hydride other amyl-compounds were obtained in exactly the same way as the heptyl-compounds. Pure amyl-compounds from fusel-oil were also prepared with the greatest care, and their specific gravities and boiling-points compared, under exactly the same circumstances, with the compounds prepared from petroleum. The results of this investigation are contained in the following Table:—

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BIOETHANOL POTENTIALS PRODUCED FROM YAM PEELS AND BAMBARA NUT SHELLS

2015 ◽  
pp. 82-94
Author(s):  
Yusuf A ◽  
Elinge CM ◽  
Hannatu A ◽  
Senchi DS
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Boiling Point ◽  
Pour Point ◽  
Point Cloud ◽  
Colorimetric Method ◽  
Reducing Sugar ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Confirmatory Tests ◽  
Reducing Sugar Concentration

In this study, Yam peels and Bambara nut shells were hydrolyzed with 0.25m, 0.50m, 1.00m, and 2.00m concentration of dilute sulphuric acid (H2SO4) respectively and the reducing sugar concentration were determined using the dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) colorimetric method. The results revealed that there is no significant difference (p<0.05) in the yields of the reducing sugar obtained from the two substrates at different treatment conditions. Confirmatory tests and other fuel properties such as; specific gravity, boiling point, flash point, pour point, cloud point, octane number FTIR and GCMS analysis were also determined in order to ascertained that the distillate produced were actually ethanol with respect to the standard from WHO/DPR and ASTM.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document