scholarly journals SLC transporters as a novel class of tumour suppressors: identity, function and molecular mechanisms

2016 ◽  
Vol 473 (9) ◽  
pp. 1113-1124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yangzom D. Bhutia ◽  
Ellappan Babu ◽  
Sabarish Ramachandran ◽  
Shengping Yang ◽  
Muthusamy Thangaraju ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Family ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
Identity Function ◽  
Suppressive Function ◽  
Slc Transporters ◽  
Tumour Suppressors ◽  
Tumour Suppressive Function

Four transporters belonging to the SLC gene family (SLC5A8, SLC26A3, SLC39A1 and SLC22A18) have been identified thus far as tumour suppressors; this review summarizes the physiological functions of these transporters and the molecular mechanisms related to their tumour-suppressive function.

scholarly journals Inter-species functional compatibility of the Theobroma cacao and Arabidopsis FT orthologs: 90 million years of functional conservation of meristem identity genes

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. F. Prewitt ◽  
A. Shalit-Kaneh ◽  
S. N. Maximova ◽  
M. J. Guiltinan
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
Flowering Time ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Regulatory Pathways ◽  
Late Flowering ◽  
Precocious Flowering ◽  
Transition To Flowering

Abstract Background In angiosperms the transition to flowering is controlled by a complex set of interacting networks integrating a range of developmental, physiological, and environmental factors optimizing transition time for maximal reproductive efficiency. The molecular mechanisms comprising these networks have been partially characterized and include both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory pathways. Florigen, encoded by FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) orthologs, is a conserved central integrator of several flowering time regulatory pathways. To characterize the molecular mechanisms involved in controlling cacao flowering time, we have characterized a cacao candidate florigen gene, TcFLOWERING LOCUS T (TcFT). Understanding how this conserved flowering time regulator affects cacao plant’s transition to flowering could lead to strategies to accelerate cacao breeding. Results BLAST searches of cacao genome reference assemblies identified seven candidate members of the CENTRORADIALIS/TERMINAL FLOWER1/SELF PRUNING gene family including a single florigen candidate. cDNA encoding the predicted cacao florigen was cloned and functionally tested by transgenic genetic complementation in the Arabidopsis ft-10 mutant. Transgenic expression of the candidate TcFT cDNA in late flowering Arabidopsis ft-10 partially rescues the mutant to wild-type flowering time. Gene expression studies reveal that TcFT is spatially and temporally expressed in a manner similar to that found in Arabidopsis, specifically, TcFT mRNA is shown to be both developmentally and diurnally regulated in leaves and is most abundant in floral tissues. Finally, to test interspecies compatibility of florigens, we transformed cacao tissues with AtFT resulting in the remarkable formation of flowers in tissue culture. The morphology of these in vitro flowers is normal, and they produce pollen that germinates in vitro with high rates. Conclusion We have identified the cacao CETS gene family, central to developmental regulation in angiosperms. The role of the cacao’s single FT-like gene (TcFT) as a general regulator of determinate growth in cacao was demonstrated by functional complementation of Arabidopsis ft-10 late-flowering mutant and through gene expression analysis. In addition, overexpression of AtFT in cacao resulted in precocious flowering in cacao tissue culture demonstrating the highly conserved function of FT and the mechanisms controlling flowering in cacao.

scholarly journals MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Aging and anti-aging: a Combo-Endocrinology overview

2017 ◽  
Vol 176 (6) ◽  
pp. R283-R308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evanthia Diamanti-Kandarakis ◽  
Maurizio Dattilo ◽  
Djuro Macut ◽  
Leonidas Duntas ◽  
Efstathios S Gonos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Dynamic Effect ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Endocrine Function ◽  
Scientific Society ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
Environmental Stimuli

Aging and its underlying pathophysiological background has always attracted the attention of the scientific society. Defined as the gradual, time-dependent, heterogeneous decline of physiological functions, aging is orchestrated by a plethora of molecular mechanisms, which vividly interact to alter body homeostasis. The ability of an organism to adjust to these alterations, in conjunction with the dynamic effect of various environmental stimuli across lifespan, promotes longevity, frailty or disease. Endocrine function undergoes major changes during aging, as well. Specifically, alterations in hormonal networks and concomitant hormonal deficits/excess, augmented by poor sensitivity of tissues to their action, take place. As hypothalamic–pituitary unit is the central regulator of crucial body functions, these alterations can be translated in significant clinical sequelae that can impair the quality of life and promote frailty and disease. Delineating the hormonal signaling alterations that occur across lifespan and exploring possible remedial interventions could possibly help us improve the quality of life of the elderly and promote longevity.

scholarly journals Genome-wide promoter analysis, homology modeling and protein interaction network of Dehydration Responsive Element Binding (DREB) gene family in Solanum tuberosum

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0261215
Author(s):  
Qurat-ul ain-Ali ◽  
Nida Mushtaq ◽  
Rabia Amir ◽  
Alvina Gul ◽  
Muhammad Tahir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Promoter Analysis ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Start Codon ◽  
Gene Promoters ◽  
Responsive Element ◽  
Dreb Gene

Dehydration Responsive Element Binding (DREB) regulates the expression of numerous stress-responsive genes, and hence plays a pivotal role in abiotic stress responses and tolerance in plants. The study aimed to develop a complete overview of the cis-acting regulatory elements (CAREs) present in S. tuberosum DREB gene promoters. A total of one hundred and four (104) cis-regulatory elements (CREs) were identified from 2.5kbp upstream of the start codon (ATG). The in-silico promoter analysis revealed variable sets of cis-elements and functional diversity with the predominance of light-responsive (30%), development-related (20%), abiotic stress-responsive (14%), and hormone-responsive (12%) elements in StDREBs. Among them, two light-responsive elements (Box-4 and G-box) were predicted in 64 and 61 StDREB genes, respectively. Two development-related motifs (AAGAA-motif and as-1) were abundant in StDREB gene promoters. Most of the DREB genes contained one or more Myeloblastosis (MYB) and Myelocytometosis (MYC) elements associated with abiotic stress responses. Hormone-responsive element i.e. ABRE was found in 59 out of 66 StDREB genes, which implied their role in dehydration and salinity stress. Moreover, six proteins were chosen corresponding to A1-A6 StDREB subgroups for secondary structure analysis and three-dimensional protein modeling followed by model validation through PROCHECK server by Ramachandran Plot. The predicted models demonstrated >90% of the residues in the favorable region, which further ensured their reliability. The present study also anticipated pocket binding sites and disordered regions (DRs) to gain insights into the structural flexibility and functional annotation of StDREB proteins. The protein association network determined the interaction of six selected StDREB proteins with potato proteins encoded by other gene families such as MYB and NAC, suggesting their similar functional roles in biological and molecular pathways. Overall, our results provide fundamental information for future functional analysis to understand the precise molecular mechanisms of the DREB gene family in S. tuberosum.

scholarly journals Physiological functions of adensoine receptors and its molecular mechanisms

1983 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Konosuke Kumakura ◽  
Yoichiro Kuroda
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Physiological Functions

O-82 Evidence for a tumour suppressive function of IGF1-binding proteins in human breast cancer

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Subramanian ◽  
A.K. Sharma ◽  
D. Banerjee ◽  
W.G. Jiang ◽  
K. Mokbel
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Human Breast Cancer ◽  
Binding Proteins ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Suppressive Function ◽  
Tumour Suppressive Function

scholarly journals The FLOWERING LOCUS T/TERMINAL FLOWER 1 Gene Family: Functional Evolution and Molecular Mechanisms

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 983-997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel P. Wickland ◽  
Yoshie Hanzawa
Keyword(s):  
Gene Family ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Functional Evolution ◽  
Flowering Locus T ◽  
Terminal Flower ◽  
Terminal Flower 1 ◽  
Flowering Locus

scholarly journals Editorial: The Physiological Functions of the APP Gene Family

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrike C. Müller ◽  
Thomas Deller
Keyword(s):  
Gene Family ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
App Gene

scholarly journals LARGE-SCALE GENOME SAMPLING REVEALS UNIQUE IMMUNITY AND METABOLIC ADAPTATIONS IN BATS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Moreno Santillan ◽  
Tanya Lama ◽  
Yocelyn Gutiérrez Guerrero ◽  
Alexis Brown ◽  
Paul Donat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Small Body ◽  
Gene Family Evolution ◽  
Comparative Genomic ◽  
Metabolic Genes ◽  
Pathway Gene ◽  
Genomic Study ◽  
Molecular Patterns

Comprising more than 1400 species, bats possess adaptations unique among mammals including powered flight, unexpected longevity given small body size, and extraordinary immunity. Some of the molecular mechanisms underlying these unique adaptations includes DNA repair, metabolism and immunity. However, analyses have been limited to a few divergent lineages, reducing the scope of inferences on gene family evolution across the Order Chiroptera. We conducted an exhaustive comparative genomic study of 37 bat species encompassing a large number of lineages, with a particular emphasis on multi-gene family evolution across immune system and metabolic genes. In agreement with previous analyses, we found lineage-specific expansions of the APOBEC3 and MHC-I gene families, and loss of the proinflammatory PYHIN gene family. We inferred more than 1,000 gene losses unique to bats, including genes involved in the regulation of inflammasome pathways such as epithelial defense receptors, the natural killer gene complex and the interferon-gamma induced pathway. Gene set enrichment analyses revealed genes lost in bats are involved in defense response against pathogen-associated molecular patterns and damage-associated molecular patterns. Gene family evolution and selection analyses indicate bats have evolved fundamental functional differences compared to other mammals in both innate and adaptive immune system, with the potential to enhance anti-viral immune response while dampening inflammatory signaling. In addition, metabolic genes have experienced repeated expansions related to convergent shifts to plant-based diets. Our analyses support the hypothesis that, in tandem with flight, ancestral bats had evolved a unique set of immune adaptations whose functional implications remain to be explored.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of bHLH Transcription Factors Related to Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Red Walnut (Juglans regia L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Zhao ◽  
Yonghui Liu ◽  
Lin Li ◽  
Haijun Meng ◽  
Ying Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Juglans Regia ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Regulatory Elements

Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins are transcription factors (TFs) that have been shown to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in many plant species. However, the bHLH gene family in walnut (Juglans regia L.) has not yet been reported. In this study, 102 bHLH genes were identified in the walnut genome and were classified into 15 subfamilies according to sequence similarity and phylogenetic relationships. The gene structure, conserved domains, and chromosome location of the genes were analyzed by bioinformatic methods. Gene duplication analyses revealed that 42 JrbHLHs were involved in the expansion of the walnut bHLH gene family. We also characterized cis-regulatory elements of these genes and performed Gene Ontology enrichment analysis of gene functions, and examined protein-protein interactions. Four candidate genes (JrEGL1a, JrEGL1b, JrbHLHA1, and JrbHLHA2) were found to have high homology to genes encoding bHLH TFs involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in other plants. RNA sequencing revealed tissue- and developmental stage-specific expression profiles and distinct expression patterns of JrbHLHs according to phenotype (red vs. green leaves) and developmental stage in red walnut hybrid progeny, which were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR analysis. All four of the candidate JrbHLH proteins localized to the nucleus, consistent with a TF function. These results provide a basis for the functional characterization of bHLH genes and investigations on the molecular mechanisms of anthocyanin biosynthesis in red walnut.

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