Effort and the Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second (FEV1)

1970 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 747-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Kemm ◽  
P. L. Kamburoff
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Forced Expiratory Volume ◽  
The Body ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Maximum Effort ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship

1. The relationship between volumes expired and the maximum intrathoracic pressures developed within the first second of expiration was examined in a group of healthy subjects and patients with airways obstruction who exhaled with varying degrees of effort. 2. The body plethysmographic method was used to ensure that expirations started from total lung capacity. 3. Three different types of volume-effort curves could be distinguished: Type I; in this the volume expired increased with greater effort. Type II; after a phase in which the volume expired increased with effort, a plateau was reached after which increasing effort made no difference to the volume expired. Type III; this resembles Type II except that instead of a plateau being established at maximum expired volume, increasing effort resulted in diminishing expired volume. Correction for the degree of compression of the intrathoracic gas failed to account for this phenomenon. Type III curves were found in healthy subjects as well as in patients. 4. In most cases the maximum Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 s (FEV1) was not found to coincide with the maximum oesophageal pressure (Poes), nor was there a significant difference between the mean and the maximum FEV1 produced with an effort greater than 75% of maximum. 5. Blowing ‘half as hard’ is an unnatural procedure; all subjects tend to blow nearly as hard as possible or very gently. In the latter case, the resulting FEV1 tracing is easily recognizable as technically unsatisfactory. 6. We conclude that for practical purposes, measurements of FEV1 depend for their reliability upon ensuring that they are started from full inspiration; insistence upon maximum effort is less important because FEV1 is independent of effort for the greater part of the effort range.

The development of lampbrush chromosome-type transcription in the early diplotene oocytes of Xenopus laevis: an electron-microscope analysis

1980 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-101
Author(s):  
R.S. Hill ◽  
H.C. Macgregor
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Transcription Unit ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Germinal Vesicles ◽  
The Mean

Oocytes of Xenopus laevis in pachytene and early diplotene of meiosis have been studied using the Miller spreading technique. Transcription first appears in germinal vesicles 25–40 micrometers in diameter, when the oocyte is in early diplotene. Transcription at this stage consists of arrays of short RNP transcripts, irregularly distributed along the DNP axis. Linear regression analysis has shown that many of these arrays are transcription units (Type I) with the transcripts having a common point of origin. The lengths of these early transcription units (mean = 7.06 +/− 5.06 micrometers), calculated from the linear regression data, are comparable to the lengths of transcription units from later stages, including Dumont stage 3. The polymerase granules of Type I transcription units are widely and irregularly spaced, having a mean spacing of 505 +/− 748 nm. More advanced transcription units (Type II, mean length = 8.72 +/− 3.77 micrometer) are usually found in the same chromosome set as the Type I units. Type II transcription units have closer and more regularly spaced polymerase granules than Type I transcription units (mean spacing = 92 +/− 49 nm). Both Type I and II transcription units have comparatively short RNP transcripts, the mean values for the slopes of their regression lines being 0.1336 and 0.1440 respectively. By the time the germinal vesicles are about 50–60 micrometers in diameter the transcription units have a quite different morphology (Type III). The lengths of the Type III transcription units are comparable to the Type I and II units, the mean length being 6.34 +/− 4.03 micrometers. The spacing of the polymerase granules in the Type III units is closer and more regular than the earlier stages (70 +/− 40 nm). Another significant difference between Type III and Types I and II transcription units is a decrease in the foreshortening of the Type III RNP transcripts. The mean slope of the regression lines for Type III transcription units is 0.2439. The morphological appearance of the Type III transcription unit is virtually identical to that of the transcription units from Dumont stage 3 oocytes, both with respect to the length and the spacing of the polymerase granules. However, the transcripts in Type III transcription units are still more foreshortened than those of Dumont stage 3 oocytes, having mean regression slopes of 0.4728. From the data obtained in the present study, it has been concluded that the pattern of lampbrush-type transcription is virtually fully established by the time most germinal vesicles are about 50 micrometers in diameter.

18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in different histological subtypes of nasopharyngeal carcinoma

2008 ◽  
Vol 123 (6) ◽  
pp. 656-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
M-C Chang ◽  
S-C Tsai ◽  
W-Y Lin
Keyword(s):  
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma ◽  
Primary Tumour ◽  
World Health ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractObjective:The study aimed to delineate the relationship between18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake and histological findings in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.Methods:We conducted a retrospective review of 88 patients referred to our positron emission tomography department with newly diagnosed, biopsy-proved nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Hospital records were reviewed for demographic and clinical data, including age, gender, body weight, histological analysis and clinical tumour stage.Results:Nineteen out of the 88 patients (22 per cent) had nasopharyngeal carcinoma of World Health Organization type I, 39 (44 per cent) had type II and 30 (34 per cent) had type III. The mean standardised uptake value for the primary tumour was 9.4 ± 5.0, ranging from 2.2 to 27.1. The mean standardised uptake values were 8.0 ± 3.9 for type I tumours, 9.7 ± 4.4 for type II tumours and 10.1 ± 6.3 for type III tumours (p = 0.451).Conclusions:Our study found that type III nasopharyngeal carcinoma exhibited a higher18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake than either type II or type I nasopharyngeal carcinoma. However, this difference was not statistically significant.

RA05.04: MANAGEMENT & OUTCOMES OF ANASTOMOTIC LEAKS FOLLOWING ESOPHAGECTOMY: A PROSPECTIVE 10-YEAR SINGLE-SITE EXPERIENCE

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 28-28
Author(s):  
Joel Lambert ◽  
Sanya Caratella ◽  
Eloise Lawrence ◽  
Bilal Alkhaffaf
Keyword(s):  
Minimally Invasive ◽  
Anastomotic Leak ◽  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
Type I ◽  
Oral Contrast ◽  
Open Approach ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Anastomotic Leaks ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background Anastomotic leak after esophagectomy is associated with high levels of morbidity and may impact negatively on oncological outcomes. The aim of this single centre study was to describe our experience in managing these complications Methods From 2007–2017 data was reviewed retrospectively from our prospectively maintained electronic database. All patients underwent either 2 or 3 phase esophagectomy for cancer of the oesophagus or esophago-gastric junction. All histological sub-types and stage of cancer were included in the analysis. Anastomotic leaks were classified according to the Esophagectomy Complications Consensus Group (ECCG) guidelines; type I—conservative management, type II—non-surgical intervention, type III—surgical intervention. Results 224 esophagectomies were included in our analysis (104 (46%) minimally invasive, 120 (54%) open approach). The incidence of all anastomotic leaks was 10% (23/224). Surgical approach did not influence the incidence of anastomotic leak (minimally invasive 10 (43%), open approach 13(57%), P = 0.76). Five patients (22%) had a type I leak, 9 patients (39%) type II and 9 (39%) had a type III leak. There was an increase in the number of leaks managed non-surgically over the last 5 years compared to those in the first five years of our dataset (2012–2017: 11/23 (48%) vs 2007–2012: 4/23 (17%) P = 0.08). The median time for leak diagnosis was 8 days. Most leaks were diagnosed with oral contrast CT 19 (83%). Median hospital stay after anastomotic leak was 58.5 days. Type III leaks were associated with an increased length of stay (median 84 days) compared to type I&II leaks (median (38.5 days) (P = 0.002 95% CI 18.19- 74.41). There was no significant difference in 30-day mortality between type I&II (0 patients) and type III leaks (1 patient) P = 0.260. Conclusion Low mortality rates with anastomotic leak can be achieved. In centres with experienced radiological and endoscopic skills, most anastomotic leaks can be managed non-surgically. Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

scholarly journals Types of Lens Structure in Intumescent Cataract

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2S) ◽  
pp. 153-159
Author(s):  
E. S. Pirogova ◽  
O. L. Fabrikantov ◽  
S. I. Nikolashin
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation System ◽  
Anterior Segment ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Large White ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Associated Diseases ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Anatomical Parameters

Purpose: to study the structure of the swelling lens, the dependence of its anatomical parameters on the nucleus sizes and density, patients’ age.Patients and methods. 52 patients with intumescent mature cataract were examined. All patients underwent phacoemulsification with a two-stage continuous circular capsulorhexis. After the 2–2.5 mm capsulorhexis had been created, the liquid lenticular masses were removed from the anterior and posterior lens compartment with the aspiration/irrigation system. Visually we determined the size of the nucleus, its color and density according to Buratto’s classification.Results. When performing this work 4 types of the swelling lens structure were revealed. Type I — a small emerging white nucleus with large amount of liquid lenticular masses in the anterior and posterior lens compartment, II degree of density according to Buratto’s classification. The mean age was 49.09 ± 3.19 years old. The related ophthalmic diseases accounted for 36.4%. Type II — a large white nucleus with the presence of liquefied lenticular masses in the anterior and posterior lens compartment. III degree of density according to Buratto’s classification. The mean age was 71.00 ± 1.92 years old. Associated diseases — 84.6%. Type III — a large brown nucleus with the presence of liquefied lenticular masses in the anterior and posterior lens compartment. IV degree of density according to Buratto’s classification. The mean age was 75.84 ± 1.46 years old. Associated diseases — 100%. Type IV — a small, very dense, brown nucleus with liquid lenticular masses. V degree of density according to Buratto’s classification. The mean age was 77.33 ± 2.49 years old. Associated diseases — 100%.Conclusion. 4 types of lens structure in intumescent cataract were described depending on the nucleus size, density, the amount of the lenticular masses. By means of UBM method, it was shown that intumescent cataract is accompanied with the alterations of the ocular anterior segment parameters, which depend on the type of lens structure. It was revealed that the types of swelling lens structure are directly connected to the patients’ age: mean age of patients with type I — 49.09 ± 3.19 years old, with type II — 71.00 ± 1.92, with type III — 75.84 ± 1.46, with type IV — 77.33 ± 2.49 years old. 

scholarly journals Failed Dermal Allograft Procedures for Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears Can Still Improve Pain and Function: The “Biologic Tuberoplasty Effect”

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 232596711986343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raffy Mirzayan ◽  
Michael A. Stone ◽  
Michael Batech ◽  
Daniel C. Acevedo ◽  
Anshuman Singh
Keyword(s):  
Rotator Cuff ◽  
Clinical Improvement ◽  
Rotator Cuff Tears ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Bone Contact ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Goutallier Classification ◽  
Functional Scores ◽  
The Mean

Background:Acellular dermal matrices (ADMs) have been used in the treatment of shoulders with massive rotator cuff tears (MRCTs). Despite clinical improvement, correlation of clinical findings with ADM integrity on imaging has not been investigated.Hypothesis:The pain in shoulders with MRCTs is partially due to bone-to-bone contact between the tuberosity and acromion. Coverage of the tuberosity with an intact graft or a graft that is torn in a way that the tuberosity remains covered will act as an interpositional tissue, preventing bone-to-bone contact and leading to clinical improvement.Study Design:Case series; Level of evidence, 4.Methods:Between 2006 and 2016, a total of 25 shoulders with MRCTs underwent a procedure with an ADM. Pre- and postoperative visual analog scale (VAS) results, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, Hamada grade, and Goutallier classification were reviewed. A postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was obtained in 22 (88%) shoulders. The status of the graft was divided into the following categories: type I, intact graft; type II, graft tear with tuberosity covered; and type III, graft tear with tuberosity uncovered (bare).Results:The mean patient age was 61 years (range, 49-73 years), and the mean follow-up was 25.6 months (range, 10-80 months). Mean length from surgery to postoperative MRI was 13.9 months (range, 6-80 months). The graft was torn in 59% (13/22 shoulders). Significant improvements were found in VAS and ASES scores (7 vs 0.7 and 32.6 vs 91.2, respectively; P < .01) for type I grafts and in VAS and ASES scores (8.1 vs 1.3 and 26.3 vs 84.6, respectively; P < .01) for type II grafts. No difference was found in postoperative VAS and ASES (0.7 vs 1.3 and 91.2 vs 84.6, respectively; P = .8) between type I and type II grafts. No improvement was seen in VAS (7.3 vs 5.7; P = .2) or ASES (30.6 vs 37.2; P = .5) for type III grafts.Conclusion:MRI appearance of the graft has a significant impact on functional outcomes. Patients with an intact graft or a graft tear leaving the tuberosity covered have lower pain and higher functional scores than those in whom the torn graft leaves the tuberosity uncovered.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON MENINGOCOCCUS INFECTION

1935 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 545-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Rake
Keyword(s):  
Carrier State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Serological Reaction ◽  
Protective Antibodies ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Atypical Strains

The investigation of this isolated epidemic of meningococcus meningitis at a C.C.C. camp gave an opportunity to examine the carrier state in contacts carrying what were presumably virulent epidemic strains of organisms. With the aid of Miller's technique for the enhancement of the demonstrable virulence of meningococci for mice, it proved possible to test the virulence of the carrier strains from Camp Rusk. These results were consistent despite the interval of from 3 to 4 weeks which intervened between the isolation of the strains and the virulence titrations. Type I strains were found to have a high virulence, while the virulence of Type II strains was moderately high but definitely less than that of the Type I, and atypical strains and strains of N. catarrhalis isolated from carriers showed a very low virulence. The question of the precise nature of the carrier state was investigated. No evidence has been obtained yet as to the existence of a relationship between pharyngitis, coryza or upper respiratory disease and the presence and degree of the carrier state. This is unlike the situation with regard to pneumococcus carriers. On the other hand, it has proved possible to demonstrate reactions within the body to the meningococci in the nasopharynx, consisting of the formation of agglutinins and protective antibodies in the blood serum. 32.3 per cent of Type I and 60 per cent of Type II carrier sera showed moderate or good agglutinins for homologous organisms and 80 per cent of Type I and 40 per cent of Type II sera showed moderate or good protective antibodies against virulent homologous strains. No idea could be obtained as to the relationship of the presence or absence and the degree of serological reaction and the duration of the carrier state.

scholarly journals Is there a relationship between Lund-Mackay scale, olfactory bulb depth and width, and Keros classification in patients with nasal polyps?

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (44) ◽  
pp. 167-173
Author(s):  
Ziya Şencan ◽  
Nuray Bayar Muluk ◽  
Mikail Inal ◽  
Selmin Perihan Kömürcü Erkmen ◽  
Ela Cömert
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Older Patients ◽  
Nasal Polyps ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract OBJECTIVE. We investigated the relationship between Lund-Mackay scale, olfactory bulb depth and width, and Keros classification in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). MATERIAL AND METHODS. In this retrospective study, paranasal sinus computed tomography (PNSCT) images of 47 patients with CRSwNP and 47 healthy subjects (control) were evaluated. In the CRSwNP group, PNSCT scans were assessed based on Lund-Mackay scale. In both groups, olfactory fossae (OF) depth and width, and Keros classification were evaluated. RESULTS. The total Lund-Mackay score was 17.1±5.9. There were no significant differences between OF depth and width values of the nasal polyps group and control group. For both groups, Type II Keros was the most detected type; secondly, Keros type I and rarely Keros type III were detected. There was no significant correlation between Lund-Mackay score (All items and total score) and OF depth and width, and Keros type. There were negative correlations between ipsilateral OF depth and width (p<0.05), whereas there were positive correlations between contralateral OF depth and width (p>0.05). Keros type was positively correlated between ipsilateral and contralateral OF depth and Keros type (p<0.05). In older patients, left OF depth and Keros type decreased (p<0.05). CONCLUSION. As a conclusion, there was no correlation between Lund-Mackay score and olfactory fossa dimensions (depth and width). When considering age, one could notice that Keros type decreased in older patients.

scholarly journals The Value of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Classification in Diagnosis of Pancreatic Cystic Lesions

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Yixi Wang ◽  
Yanjie Wang ◽  
Zhihui Fan ◽  
Jun Shan ◽  
Kun Yan
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Accuracy ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Type I ◽  
Cystic Lesions ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Contrast Enhanced ◽  
Significant Difference

Objective. To compare the consistency of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) classification results with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to investigate the diagnostic value of CEUS classification in pancreatic cystic lesions. Methods. 84 cases of pancreatic cystic lesions were enrolled in this study. According to the CEUS classification methods of previous study in our center, all the lesions were classified into four types: type I, unilocular cysts; type II, microcystic lesions; type III, macrocystic lesions; and type IV, cystic lesions with enhanced solid components. The consistency of CEUS and MRI typing results was analysed. Among the 84 cases, 45 cases had pathological results. The CEUS results were compared with the pathological results, and the diagnostic value of CEUS classification in diagnosing pancreatic cystic lesions was explored. Results. Among the 84 cases, CEUS diagnosed 8 cases of type I, 24 of type II, 8 of type III, and 45 of type IV. MRI diagnosed 10 cases of type I, 25 of type II, 7 of type III, and 43 of type IV. The classification typing results of CEUS were highly consistent with that of enhanced MRI (kappa value: 0.852). Among the 45 cases with pathological results, the diagnostic accuracy of each type was 91.1%, 95.6%, 93.3%, and 88.9%. The accuracy of CEUS and MRI in diagnosing pancreatic cystic lesions was 75.56% (34/45) and 80% (36/45), respectively. The diagnostic accuracy of CEUS had no significant difference from that of MRI (P=0.687). Conclusion. The classification results by CEUS and MRI are in excellent agreement. The classification of pancreatic cystic lesions by CEUS is significantly helpful for clinical diagnosis.

Functional outcomes of tympanoplasty surgery

2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 12-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Izabela Matuszewska ◽  
Paweł Burduk ◽  
Wojciech Kaźmierczak ◽  
Joanna Janiak-Kiszka
Keyword(s):  
Functional Outcomes ◽  
Pure Tone Audiometry ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Hearing Improvement ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Ossicular Replacement ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Replacement Prosthesis

Objective: We reviewed functional outcomes of tympanoplasty. Study design: The results of tympanoplastic surgery are changing in time. We present late treatment outcomes among different types of tympanoplasty. Methods: Eighty-six patients who underwent tympanoplasty were enrolled in the study. The results of pure tone audiometry performed 7 days before, then at 3 months, 1 year, and 3 years after the surgery were assessed. Type II tympanoplasty involved implantation of a partial ossicular replacement prosthesis and type III tympanoplasty involved reconstruction with a total ossicular replacement prosthesis and the use of autogenous homogenous material. Statistical analysis was performed. Results: With all four types of tympanoplasty, hearing improvement was achieved at 3 months and 1 year after surgery based on the magnitude of the mean ABG reduction (p<0.001). In patients who underwent type I, type III, and type IV tympanoplasty, the ABG reduction at 3 years after surgery was maintained at the level reported at 3 months and 1 year after surgery (p<0.001). In patients who underwent type II tympanoplasty, however, the mean ABG value was increased at all tested frequencies (p<0.05). The mean ABG values reported 3 years after type II and type III tympanoplasty were similar. Conclusions: Based on the results over time, hearing improvement seems to be less durable after reconstruction with the partial ossicular replacement prosthesis procedure compared to the total ossicular replacement prosthesis procedure.

scholarly journals Different spinal subtypes with varying characteristics of lumbar disc degeneration at specific level with age: a study based on an asymptomatic population

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shao-qing Chen ◽  
Qing-ping Li ◽  
Ying-ying Huang ◽  
An-na Guo ◽  
Rui-fang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disc Degeneration ◽  
Lumbar Disc ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Lumbar Disc Degeneration ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Lumbar Intervertebral Disc ◽  
Specific Level ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background The relationship between spinal sagittal subtypes and lumbar disc degeneration is unclear. Thus, we aimed to investigate the relationship between lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration and age in asymptomatic healthy individuals with different sagittal alignments. Methods In this cross-sectional observational study, we examined 209 asymptomatic young and middle-aged volunteers (123 women and 86 men) who were divided into the following three groups according to age: groups A (20–30 years), B (31–40 years), and C (41–50 years). The volunteers underwent full-spine standing lateral radiography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI, 3.0 T) of the lumbar spine. Based on panoramic radiography, two observers measured the spinopelvic parameters and classified the spine into Roussouly subtypes. The degree of disc degeneration was assessed based on T2-weighted images according to the Pfirrmann classification. Results There was a statistically significant difference in the degree of degeneration of type I spine between groups B and C at L4-L5 (P < 0.03) and L5-S1 (P < 0.01) and between groups A and C at L1-L2 (P < 0.04) and L4-L5 (P < 0.01). The degeneration degree of type II spine at all levels were significantly different between groups A and C. No statistically significant difference was found between groups A and B in all subtypes except for type II spine at L1-L2 (P < 0.04). A significant difference was found at four levels between groups B and C in type III spine (P < 0.05) and between groups A and C. For type IV spine, there was a significant difference in the degree of degeneration at L4-L5 (P < 0.02) between groups A and C. Moreover, almost all single parameters were not strongly correlated with the degree of disc degeneration. Conclusion The different spinal subtypes have characteristics of lumbar disc degeneration at specific levels with age. We considered that spinal classification could be used as a predictor of lumbar disc degeneration. Our data may be helpful to increase awareness of the relationship between spinal subtypes and lumbar disc degeneration. Level of evidence 3

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