Glucose Metabolites in Blood and Adipose Tissue of Obese Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Subjects

1975 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-32
Author(s):  
M. A. Page ◽  
D. J. Galton
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Human Adipose Tissue ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Uridine Diphosphate ◽  
Glucose Load ◽  
Glycerol Phosphate ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Diphosphate Glucose ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations

1. Glucose 6-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate, fructose diphosphate, glycerol phosphate and uridine diphosphate glucose have been measured in human adipose tissue and blood from obese subjects under fed and fasting conditions and in obese diabetic and non-diabetic subjects before and after an oral glucose load (100 g). 2. Adipose tissue metabolites expressed as nmol/g wet weight correlated inversely with adipocyte diameter. 3. After fasting, fructose diphosphate and glycerol phosphate in adipose tissue decreased significantly. 4. The basal concentrations of metabolites in blood and adipose tissue were maintained at similar concentrations in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects despite very different blood glucose concentrations. 5. The significant increase in adipose tissue glucose 6-phosphate after the glucose load seen in the non-diabetic but not in the diabetic subjects suggests that glucose uptake is decreased in the diabetic adipocyte.

The Effect of Starvation and Diabetes on Glycolytic Enzymes in Human Adipose Tissue

1971 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 545-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Galton ◽  
J. P. D. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Human Adipose Tissue ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Oral Glucose Load ◽  
Glucose Load ◽  
And Control

1. The activities of hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1) and phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11) have been studied in homogenates of adipose tissue taken from human diabetics, fasting and control patients. 2. Three isoenzymes of hexokinase were observed with apparent Km values for glucose of 1.04 × 10-5 m, 2.6 × 10-4 m and 2.9 × 10-4 m, respectively. 3. No change in activity of hexokinase was found in adipose tissue of untreated diabetics (n = 22), treated diabetics (n = 13) or non-diabetic controls. However, fasting was associated with a decrease of approx. 40% in the activity of hexokinase in adipose tissue. 4. In contrast, there was a marked decrease in the activity of phosphofructokinase in adipose tissue from untreated diabetics (n = 24) which was restored to normal by either insulin therapy or treatment by hypoglycaemic drugs. 5. There was a negative correlation between the phosphofructokinase/hexokinase ratio in adipose tissue and the fasting blood glucose (P = 0.01) and the 2 h blood glucose (P = 0.03) after an oral glucose load (50 g). 6. The functional significance of the changes in enzyme activities is discussed in relation to the glucose intolerance of diabetes.

Relation of Diet-Induced Thermogenesis to Brown Adipose Tissue Activity in Healthy Men

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahel Catherina Loeliger ◽  
Claudia Irene Maushart ◽  
Gani Gashi ◽  
Jaël Rut Senn ◽  
Martina Felder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Oral Glucose Load ◽  
Glucose Load ◽  
Healthy Men ◽  
Bat Activity ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Diet Induced Thermogenesis

Objective Human brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a thermogenic tissue activated by the sympathetic nervous system in response to cold. It contributes to energy expenditure (EE) and takes up glucose and lipids from the circulation. Studies in rodents suggest that BAT contributes to the transient rise in EE after food intake, so called diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT). We investigated the relationship between human BAT activity and DIT in response to glucose intake in 17 healthy volunteers. Methods We assessed DIT, cold induced thermogenesis (CIT) and maximum BAT activity at three separate study visits within two weeks. DIT was measured by indirect calorimetry during an oral glucose tolerance-test. CIT was assessed as the difference in EE after cold exposure of two hours duration as compared to warm conditions. Maximal activity of BAT was assessed by 18F-FDG-PET/MRI after cold exposure and concomitant pharmacological stimulation with Mirabegron. Results 17 healthy men (mean age 23.4 years, mean BMI 23.2 kg/m2) participated in the study. EE increased from 1908 (±181) kcal/24 hours to 2128 (±277) kcal/24 hours (p<0.0001, +11.5%) after mild cold exposure. An oral glucose load increased EE from 1911 (±165) kcal/24 hours to 2096 (±167) kcal/24 hours at 60 minutes (p<0.0001, +9.7%). The increase in EE in response to cold was significantly associated with BAT activity (R2=0.43, p=0.004). However, DIT was not associated with BAT activity (R2=0.015, p=0.64). Conclusion DIT after an oral glucose load was not associated with stimulated 18F-FDG uptake into BAT suggesting that DIT is independent from BAT activity in humans.

Effects of exercise and lack of exercise on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity

1983 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 512-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Heath ◽  
J. R. Gavin ◽  
J. M. Hinderliter ◽  
J. M. Hagberg ◽  
S. A. Bloomfield ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Insulin Binding ◽  
Normal Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Glucose Load ◽  
Plasma Insulin Concentration ◽  
Normal Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations

Physically trained individuals have a markedly blunted insulin response to a glucose load and yet have normal glucose tolerance. This phenomenon has generally been ascribed to long-term adaptations to training which correlate with maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and reduced adiposity. Our study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that residual effects of the last bouts of exercise play an important role in this phenomenon. Eight well-trained subjects stopped training for 10 days. There were no significant changes in VO2max (58.6 +/- 2.2 vs. 57.6 +/- 2.1 ml/kg), estimated percent body fat (12.5 +/- 0.7 vs. 12.5 +/- 0.8%), or body weight. The maximum rise in plasma insulin concentration in response to a 100-g oral glucose load was 100% higher after 10 days without exercise than when the subjects were exercising regularly. Despite the increased insulin levels, blood glucose concentrations were higher after 10 days without exercise. Insulin binding to monocytes also decreased with physical inactivity. One bout of exercise after 11 days without exercise returned insulin binding and the insulin and glucose responses to an oral 100-g glucose load almost to the initial “trained” value. These results support our hypothesis.

scholarly journals Autocrine/Paracrine Role of Inflammation-Mediated Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide and Adrenomedullin Expression in Human Adipose Tissue

Endocrinology ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 146 (6) ◽  
pp. 2699-2708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Linscheid ◽  
Dalma Seboek ◽  
Henryk Zulewski ◽  
Ulrich Keller ◽  
Beat Müller
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Adipogenic Differentiation ◽  
Human Adipose Tissue ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Immunological Methods ◽  
Glycerol Release ◽  
Related Peptide ◽  
Metabolic Role ◽  
Before And After

Abstract Human adipose tissue is a contributor to inflammation- and sepsis-induced elevation of serum procalcitonin (ProCT). Several calcitonin (CT) peptides, including ProCT, CT gene-related peptide (CGRP), and adrenomedullin (ADM) are suspected mediators in human inflammatory diseases. Therefore, we aimed to explore the expression, interactions, and potential roles of adipocyte-derived CT peptide production. Expression of CT peptide-specific transcripts was analyzed by RT-PCR and quantitative real-time PCR in human adipose tissue biopsies and three different inflammation-challenged human adipocyte models. ProCT, CGRP, and ADM secretions were assessed by immunological methods. Adipocyte transcriptional activity, glycerol release, and insulin-mediated glucose transport were studied after exogenous CGRP and ADM exposure. With the exception of amylin, CT peptides were expressed in adipose tissue biopsies from septic patients, inflammation-activated mature explanted adipocytes, and macrophage-activated preadipocyte-derived adipocytes. ProCT and CGRP productions were significantly augmented in IL-1β and lipopolysaccharide-challenged mesenchymal stem cell-derived adipocytes but not in undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells. In contrast, ADM expression occurred before and after adipogenic differentiation. Interferon-γ coadministration inhibited IL-1β-mediated ProCT and CGRP secretion by 78 and 34%, respectively but augmented IL-1β-mediated ADM secretion by 50%. Exogenous CGRP and ADM administration induced CT, CGRP I, and CGRP II mRNAs and dose-dependently (10−10 and 10−6m) enhanced glycerol release. In contrast, no CGRP- and ADM-mediated effects were noted on ADM, TNFα, and IL-1β mRNA abundances. In summary, CGRP and ADM are two differentially regulated novel adipose tissue secretion factors exerting autocrine/paracrine roles. Their lipolytic effect (glycerol release) suggests a metabolic role in adipocytes during inflammation.

Lipolysis and Lactate Production in Human Skeletal Muscle and Adipose Tissue following Glucose Ingestion

1998 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniëlle A. J. M. Kerckhoffs ◽  
Peter Arner ◽  
Jan Bolinder
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Muscle Blood Flow ◽  
Lactate Production ◽  
Tissue Blood Flow ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Glucose Load ◽  
Carbohydrate Ingestion ◽  
Glucose Ingestion

1. Using microdialysis, we compared lipolysis, as well as the production of lactate, in human adipose tissue and muscle after the ingestion of carbohydrate. 2. The absolute concentrations of glycerol and lactate were measured in subcutaneous adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and arterialized venous blood in eight normal subjects during basal conditions and 4 h after a 75 g oral glucose load. Nutritive blood flow in muscle and adipose tissue was monitored simultaneously with the microdialysis ethanol clearance technique. 3. At baseline, the concentrations of glycerol in adipose tissue and in muscle were about 7 times and about 2.5 times higher respectively than those in plasma. After glucose ingestion, the changes in glycerol concentrations differed significantly between the three compartments (P < 0.0001). In plasma and adipose tissue, the concentrations decreased rapidly and markedly, but returned to baseline levels after 4 h. In muscle, the decrease in glycerol was less pronounced and more protracted. 4. At baseline, the concentrations of lactate in muscle and in adipose tissue were about 3 times and about 1.5 times higher respectively than those in plasma. After the ingestion of glucose, the levels increased transiently in similar ways in muscle, adipose tissue and plasma. The differences in absolute lactate concentrations between the three compartments were maintained after the glucose load (P < 0.001). 5. Adipose tissue blood flow increased transiently after glucose ingestion, whereas muscle blood flow remained unchanged. 6. Both muscle and adipose tissue are a source of glycerol and lactate release during basal conditions and after glucose ingestion. The regulation of lactate production, but not of lipolysis, after carbohydrate ingestion is similar in the two tissues.

Lipogenesis in response to an oral glucose load in fed and starved rats

1981 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 469-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary C. Sugden ◽  
David L. Watts ◽  
Christopher E. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Fat ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Oral Glucose Load ◽  
Glucose Load ◽  
Palmitoyl Carnitine ◽  
Carnitine Acyltransferase ◽  
Malonyl Coa ◽  
Brown Adipose

Lipogenesis in livers of fed but not of starved rats is increased after intragastric feeding with glucose. In contrast, lipogenesis in brown adipose tissue increases in both fed and starved animals. These observations suggest that lipogenesis in brown adipose tissue is regulated by mechanisms in addition to, or other than, those operating in liver. The fate of newly synthesized lipid in brown adipose tissue is not known. However, the formation of palmitoyl-carnitine from palmitoyl-CoA and carnitine by mitochondria from brown fat was inhibited by malonyl-CoA. Although inhibition was not 100%, it is implied that mitochondrial uptake of the newly synthesized fat by the carnitine acyltransferase system is restricted under conditions of increased lipogenesis.

scholarly journals Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Cryopreservation and Thawing Decreaseα4-Integrin Expression

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Carolina Irioda ◽  
Rafael Cassilha ◽  
Larissa Zocche ◽  
Julio Cesar Francisco ◽  
Ricardo Correa Cunha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Phenotypic Expression ◽  
Human Adipose Tissue ◽  
Integrin Expression ◽  
Alizarin Red ◽  
Differentiation Potential ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Before And After

Aim. The effects of cryopreservation on adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells are not clearly documented, as there is a growing body of evidence about the importance of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells for regenerative therapies. The aim of this study was to analyze human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells phenotypic expression (CD34, CD45, CD73, CD90, CD105, and CD49d), colony forming unit ability, viability, and differentiation potential before and after cryopreservation.Materials and Methods. 12 samples of the adipose tissue were collected from a healthy donor using the liposuction technique. The cell isolation was performed by enzymatic digestion and then the cells were cultured up to passage 2. Before and after cryopreservation the immunophenotype, cellular viability analysis by flow cytometer, colony forming units ability, differentiation potential into adipocytes and osteoblasts as demonstrated by Oil Red O and Alizarin Red staining, respectively.Results. The immunophenotypic markers expression was largely preserved, and their multipotency was maintained. However, after cryopreservation, the cells decreasedα4-integrin expression (CD49d), cell viability, and number of colony forming units.Conclusions. These findings suggest that ADMSC transplanted after cryopreservation might compromise the retention of transplanted cells in the host tissue. Therefore, further studies are warranted to standardize protocols related to cryopreservation to attain full benefits of stem cell therapy.

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