The Antidiuretic Effect of Chronic Hydrochlorothiazide Treatment in Rats with Diabetes Insipidus: Water and Electrolyte Balance

1982 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 525-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Walter ◽  
J. Skinner ◽  
J. F. Laycock ◽  
D. G. Shirley
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Insipidus ◽  
Extracellular Volume ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Urinary Sodium Excretion ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Antidiuretic Effect

1. The antidiuretic effect of hydrochlorothiazide in diabetes insipidus was investigated in rats with the hereditary hypothalamic form of the disease (Brattleboro rats). 2. Administration of hydrochlorothiazide in the food resulted in a marked fall in urine volume and a corresponding rise in osmolality. These effects persisted throughout the period of treatment (6–7 days). 3. Body weight and extracellular volume were significantly reduced in the thiazide-treated rats. 4. Hydrochlorothiazide caused an increase in urinary sodium excretion only on the first day of treatment. The resulting small negative sodium balance (in comparison with untreated rats) remained statistically significant for 2 days only. Thiazide-treated rats gradually developed a potassium deficit which was statistically significant from the fourth day of treatment. 5. Total exchangeable sodium, measured after 7 days of thiazide treatment, was not significantly different from that of untreated rats. However, plasma sodium was reduced in thiazide-treated animals, whereas erythrocyte sodium concentration was elevated. 6. It is concluded that the antidiuresis resulting from chronic hydrochlorothiazide administration is associated with a reduction in extracellular volume, but not with a significant overall sodium deficit. Hydrochlorothiazide appears to cause a redistribution of the body's sodium such that the amount of sodium in the extracellular fluid compartment is reduced.

Forebrain control of fluid and electrolyte homeostasis and angiotensin sensitivity in rabbit

1980 ◽  
Vol 239 (5) ◽  
pp. R372-R376 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Fink ◽  
W. J. Bryan
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Cardiovascular Effects ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Pressor Responses ◽  
Discrete Area

A small discrete area near the optic recess of the anterior ventral third ventricle (AV3V) in the rat brain has been shown to be an important mediator of cardiovascular and dipsogenic response to angiotensin II and osmotic stimuli and to be involved in normal day-to-day regulation of water and electrolyte balance. However, no attempt has been made until now to explore the function of the AV3V in species other than the rat. In the present study, rabbits subjected to electrolytic lesion of the AV3V exhibited expanded plasma volume and plasma sodium concentration, and significantly attenuated pressor responses to angiotensin II and hypertonic sodium chloride solutions injected via the lateral ventricles. Resting arterial pressure, plasma potassium concentration, extracellular fluid volume, and pressor responses to intravenous angiotensin II were not changed by lesioning. Thus, the effects of AV3V lesions in rabbits are similar, but not identical, to those previously observed in rats. Rabbits should be a suitable species in which to carry out studies aimed at distinguishing central and peripheral cardiovascular effects of angiotensin II.

Sodium and body fluid homeostasis in profiling hemodialysis treatment

2002 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 421-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Stefanidis ◽  
S. Stiller ◽  
V. Ikonomov ◽  
H. Mann
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Fluid Distribution ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Hypertonic Saline Solution ◽  
Extracellular Compartment ◽  
Clinical Benefits ◽  
Measurement And Control

Acute adverse side-effects of hemodialysis such as hypotension, muscle cramps, osmotic imbalance and thirst are induced by the interference with fluid and electrolyte balance occurring during treatment. Changes in osmolarity due to alterations of plasma sodium concentration during hemodialysis strongly influence fluid distribution between extracellular and intracellular fluid volume. Increased sodium dialysate concentration induces fluid shift from the intracellular to the extracellular compartment. This shift leads to a more efficient ultrafiltration by increasing plasma refilling volume but also to an increased thirst. Treatment of hypotension, cramps and nausea with hypertonic saline solution leads also to a considerable retention of sodium. Profiling hemodialysis consists in deliberately changing ultrafiltration and dialysate sodium in order to combine an efficient ultrafiltration with a balanced sodium handling and to prevent side-effects during treatment. Continuous measurement and control of blood volume seems to be the best method to prevent hypotensive episodes. Profiling of sodium should not be the cause of a positive sodium balance. The clinical benefits of sodium profiling to the patients have still to be proven.

Dietary Sodium Intake: A Determinant of Postprandial Plasma Sodium Concentration in the Dog

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 471-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. G. Schneider ◽  
Sarah D. Gleason ◽  
A. Zucker
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Excretion ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Urinary Sodium Excretion ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Sodium Balance ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Potassium Excretion ◽  
Plasma Sodium Concentration

1. The effect of dietary sodium intake on pre-and post-prandial plasma sodium concentrations and on the pattern of sodium and potassium excretion was determined in conscious female dogs, who were allowed free access to water and were fed on commercial low sodium diets supplemented with 0, 50, 100 or 250 mmol of sodium chloride/day for 6 days. 2. The preprandial plasma sodium concentration was not altered by the dietary sodium intake. However, the 4 h postprandial plasma sodium concentration was linearly related to the magnitude of dietary sodium intake, whereas the 8 h postprandial plasma sodium concentration was elevated only in dogs receiving 250 mmol of sodium/day. 3. The (0–8 h/0–24 h) ratio for urinary sodium excretion was significantly correlated with both the dietary sodium intake and the postprandial increase in plasma sodium concentration. 4. The 24 h excretion of potassium was not markedly affected by the dietary sodium intake; however, the (0–8 h/0–24 h) ratio for potassium excretion was significantly correlated with both the dietary sodium intake and the (0–8 h/0–24 h) ratio for sodium excretion. 5. These data indicate that: (a) postprandial increases in plasma sodium concentration need to be considered when evaluating the mechanisms involved in the daily regulation of sodium balance; (b) the daily pattern of potassium excretion is closely linked to the dietary sodium intake.

Extrarenal Factors in Diabetes Insipidus in the Rat

1958 ◽  
Vol 192 (2) ◽  
pp. 401-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sydney M. Friedman ◽  
Harald F Scherrer ◽  
Miyoshi Nakashima ◽  
Constance L. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Diabetes Insipidus ◽  
Potassium Concentration ◽  
Extracellular Volume ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Fluid Volume ◽  
Extracellular Fluid Volume ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Sodium Potassium

Using inulin as indicator of the extracellular volume, the distribution of sodium, potassium and water was studied in rats with diabetes insipidus produced by interrruption of the supraoptico-hypophyseal tract. A well defined increase in the extracellular fluid volume associated with normal plasma sodium and reduced plasma potassium concentration was uniformly present in the rats with diabetes insipidus. These changes occurred in nephrectomized animals and were thus independent of renal function, but were in some degree referable to an increase in adrenal function since they could be partially reversed by adrenal ablation.

scholarly journals Coexistence of central diabetes insipidus and salt wasting: the difficulties in diagnosis, changes in natremia, and treatment.

1996 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 2527-2532
Author(s):  
S Laredo ◽  
K Yuen ◽  
B Sonnenberg ◽  
M L Halperin
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Insipidus ◽  
Antidiuretic Hormone ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Central Diabetes Insipidus ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Salt Wasting ◽  
Positive Balance ◽  
Clinical Tools ◽  
Negative Balance

Both central diabetes insipidus (DI) and a high rate of excretion of sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) contributed to the development of polyuria and dysnatremia in two patients during the acute postoperative period after neurosurgery. To minimize difficulties in diagnosis and projections for therapy, two available (but not often used) clinical tools were helpful. First, the osmole excretion rate early on revealed the co-existence of central DI and an osmotic diuresis. The osmoles excreted were largely Na salts; after antidiuretic hormone acted, this electrolyte diuresis caused the urine flow rate to be much higher than otherwise anticipated. Interestingly, part of this saline diuresis occurred when the extracellular fluid volume was contracted. The tool to explain the basis for the dysnatremias was a tonicity balance. Hypernatremia, which developed before treatment of central DI, was primarily a result of a positive balance for Na rather than a large negative balance for water. Moreover, hyponatremia that developed once antidiuretic hormone acted was primarily a result of a negative balance for Na; the urine volume was large and its Na concentration was hypertonic. To prevent a further decline in the plasma Na concentration, either the Na concentration in the urine should be decreased by provision of urea or a loop diuretic while replacing all unwanted water and electrolyte losses; alternatively, the fluid infused should have a similar Na concentration and volume as the urine (infuse hypertonic saline).

The influence of streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus on fluid and electrolyte handling in rats

1986 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Hebden ◽  
S. M. Gardiner ◽  
T. Bennett ◽  
I. A. MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Urinary Sodium Excretion ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Diabetic Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Urinary Potassium ◽  
Streptozotocin Induced Diabetes

1. Intakes and urine outputs of fluid and electrolytes were measured daily in rats before, and for 3 weeks after, induction of diabetes by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ; 60 mg/kg); control animals received saline. 2. Water intakes and urine outputs were increased on and after the first day after injection with STZ; after a transient period of negative water balance, fluid intakes and urine outputs increased in parallel. 3. Food intake was reduced for the first 3 days after injection of STZ but thereafter there was a steady increase. On the final experimental day, the food intake of the diabetic group was 60% greater than that of the control group. 4. Urinary electrolyte excretion was increased after injection of STZ; at the end of the experiment, the increase in urinary sodium excretion was similar to the increase in intake but the increase in urinary potassium excretion was less. 5. On day 21 after injection of STZ plasma sodium concentration and packed cell volume were significantly reduced in the diabetic group but plasma potassium concentration was not. 6. There was a difference between the measured osmolality and the calculated osmolarity of the plasma of the diabetic animals which was not seen in the controls. This difference was not due to pseudohyponatraemia, but was probably due to the presence of unidentified solutes, since there was a significant gap between the urinary osmolal and osmolar excretion in the diabetic animals that was not present in the control animals.

Effectiveness of the aldosterone-sodium and -potassium feedback control system

1976 ◽  
Vol 231 (3) ◽  
pp. 945-953 ◽  
Author(s):  
DB Young ◽  
RE McCaa ◽  
UJ Pan ◽  
AC Guyton
Keyword(s):  
Feedback Control ◽  
Potassium Concentration ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Feedback Mechanism ◽  
Fluid Volume ◽  
The Body ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Aldosterone Secretion

This study was conducted to determine the quantitative importance of the aldosterone feedback mechanism in controlling each one of three major factors that have often been associated with aldosterone, namely, extracellular fluid sodium concentration, extracellular fluid potassium concentration, and extracellular fluid volume. To do this, the ability of the body to control these three factors in the face of marked changes in daily sodium or potassium intake was studied under two conditions: 1) in the normal dog, and 2) in the dog in which the aldosterone feedback mechanism was prevented from functioning by removing the adrenal glands and then providing a continuous fixed level of supportive aldosterone and glucocorticoids during the low and high electrolyte intake periods. Under these conditions, removal of feedback control of aldosterone secretion decreased the effectiveness of plasma potassium control by nearly fivefold (39% vs. 8% change in plasma potassium concentration), fluid volume by sixfold (12% vs. 2% change in sodium space) and had no effect on control of plasma sodium concentration (2% change with and without feedback control of aldosterone secretion.)

Preoptic-hypothalamic periventricular lesions reduce natriuresis to volume expansion

1983 ◽  
Vol 244 (1) ◽  
pp. R51-R57 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Bealer ◽  
J. R. Haywood ◽  
K. A. Gruber ◽  
V. M. Buckalew ◽  
G. D. Fink ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volume Expansion ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Urinary Sodium Excretion ◽  
Toad Bladder ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Electrolytic Ablation ◽  
High Level ◽  
Periventricular Lesions

The present experiment was designed to determine if electrolytic ablation of the periventricular tissue surrounding the anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V) altered the natriuresis typically seen during isotonic volume expansion. Control and AV3V-lesioned rats received intravenous infusions of 0.9% NaCl at 0.5 ml/min until 10% body weight was given. Arterial blood pressure was monitored, and urine was collected throughout the experiment. Following expansion, blood was processed for analysis of natriuretic hormonelike activity by chromatographic separation of plasma extracts followed by measuring antinatriferic activity across the isolated toad bladder. Urinary sodium excretion and urine volume during expansion were significantly less in rats with lesions surrounding the AV3V region than in control rats. Toad bladder bioassay showed a high level of natriuretic hormonelike activity in control animals following volume expansion, but no natriuretic hormonelike activity in plasma from volume-expanded rats with AV3V lesions. These data demonstrate that AV3V periventricular ablation attenuates the natriuresis induced by isotonic-volume expansion. In addition, preliminary results indicate the AV3V region may be a central site critical for natriuretic hormonelike activity and control of extracellular fluid volume.

Evaluation of renal function and fluid homeostasis during recovery from exercise-induced hyponatremia

1991 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 342-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Irving ◽  
T. D. Noakes ◽  
R. Buck ◽  
R. van Zyl Smit ◽  
E. Raine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Prolonged Exercise ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Plasma Sodium Concentration ◽  
Fluid Deficit ◽  
H 41 ◽  
Exercise Induced

Renal function including fluid and electrolyte balance was studied during recovery in eight subjects who developed symptomatic hyponatremia (HN; plasma sodium concentration less than 130 mM) during an 88-km ultramarathon footrace and compared with results for normonatremic runners [NN; n = 18, mean postrace plasma sodium concentration, 138.2 +/- 1.2 (SE) mM]. Estimated fluid intake during the race for HN was 12.5 +/- 1.6 (SE) liters over 9 h 41 min (+/- 28 min). HN excreted a net fluid excess of 2.95 +/- 0.56 (range 1.2–5.9) liters compared with a fluid deficit of 2.7 +/- 0.3% body weight in NN. The sodium deficit was 153 +/- 35 mmol in HN and 187 +/- 37 mmol in NN. Despite the fluid overload, plasma volume was decreased by 24.1 +/- 5.0% in HN compared with 8.2 +/- 2.6% in NN. Serum renin activity (5.1 +/- 2.0 ng.ml-1.h-1), aldosterone concentrations (410 +/- 34 ng/l), creatinine clearances (174.8 +/- 28.2 ml/min), and urine output (6.4 +/- 1.0 ml/min) were markedly elevated in HN during recovery. Thus the hyponatremia of exercise results from fluid retention in subjects who ingest abnormally large fluid volumes during prolonged exercise.

Energy cost, fluid and electrolyte balance in subarctic survival situations

1964 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terence A. Rogers ◽  
James A. Setliff ◽  
John C. Klopping
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
The Cost

In two experiments a total of 12 men were subjected to 5 days of starvation under survival conditions in the winter subarctic. They wore flying clothing rated at 3.5 clo. The caloric cost, as calculated from oxygen consumption, was 2,300 kcal/m2 for the first day and 2,000 kcal/m2 for subsequent days at ambient temperatures of -30 C. At -10 C the cost of subsequent days fell to 1,500 kcal/m2. The subjects lost 8% of body weight but regained 5% body weight after 5 days refeeding on a barely maintenance diet. One-third of the original (8%) weight loss was due to an isotonic contraction of extracellular fluid. Changes in heart rate, pulse pressure, and hematocrit consistent with this fluid contraction were observed. Although the water intake did not exceed the 5-day urine volume (5 liters), the subjects did not experience thirst until after return to the warm. Note:(With the Technical Assistance of William P. Esser and Kermitt R. Skrettingland) caloric cost; cold exposure; electrolyte balance in starvation; fasting; fluid balance in starvation; IMP, integrating motor pneumotachograph; fat carbohydrate and protein catabolism in cold exposure and starvation; cold diuresis; sodium, potassium and acid-base balance in acute starvation Submitted on June 3, 1963

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