The Responses to Water Deprivation in Lithium-Treated Patients with and without Polyuria

1982 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 549-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. Morgan ◽  
M. D. Penney ◽  
R. P. Hullin ◽  
T. H. Thomas ◽  
D. P. Srinivasan
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Drug Group ◽  
Urine Flow ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Manic Depressive ◽  
Renal Concentrating Mechanism ◽  
Depressive Patients

1. Urine osmolality and plasma and urine arginine vasopressin (AVP) were measured before, during and at the end of 23 h of water deprivation in four groups of subjects. There were eight non-polyuric manic-depressive patients taking lithium (the lithium group), seven manic-depressive patients taking other psychotropic drugs but not lithium (the other drug group), seven healthy subjects (the control group) and three lithium-treated patients with polyuria (the polyuric lithium group). 2. The lithium group had a resistance to the effect of AVP on the renal tubule with a fivefold increase in AVP excretion at a given urine osmolality. However, their water homoeostasis was intact as they lost no more weight during water deprivation than did the control group. 3. The relationship beween urine osmolality and AVP excretion has been defined from these results and the effect of lithium treatment on it has been characterized. The results suggest that lithium competitively inhibits the effect of AVP on the renal concentrating mechanism but does not decrease the ‘theoretical’ maximum urine osmolality. 4. The other drug group had a high basal urine flow which was due to a primary increase in water intake. The responsiveness of the renal concentrating mechanism to AVP was the same in this group as in the control group. 5. The polyuric lithium group had the highest basal urine flow and lost the greatest amount of weight during water deprivation. Neither urine osmolality nor AVP excretion was at a maximum in the basal state, as both increased during water deprivation. These relationships between urine osmolality and AVP excretion indicated a much greater resistance to AVP than in the other lithium-treated patients. 6. We suggest that these patients are polyuric as they become thirsty and drink before their AVP secretion increases to levels high enough to overcome the resistance to AVP. The results suggest, however, that in the basal state their water intake may be more than the minimum determined by the resistance to AVP.

Sex difference in urinary concentrating ability of rats with water deprivation

1996 ◽  
Vol 270 (3) ◽  
pp. R550-R555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. X. Wang ◽  
J. T. Crofton ◽  
J. Miller ◽  
C. J. Sigman ◽  
H. Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Ovarian Hormones ◽  
Urine Flow ◽  
The Other ◽  
Consumptive Behavior ◽  
Urinary Concentrating Ability ◽  
Previous Demonstration

Our previous demonstration of sexual dimorphism in the antidiuretic response to exogenous vasopressin prompted us to investigate the response to moderately high levels of endogenous vasopressin stimulated by water deprivation in conscious rats. After 24 h water deprivation, urine flow was significantly higher and urine osmolality lower in females than in males. Plasma concentrations of vasopressin were higher in females than in males after water deprivation, but plasma osmolality did not differ. Gonadectomy, which had no effect in dehydrated males, decreased urine flow and increased urine osmolality in females to levels observed in intact and gonadectomized males. Spontaneous water intake was also measured and found to be lower in males and estrous females than in females in the other phases of the estrous cycle. These observations support the concept that there is a gender difference in the antidiuretic responsiveness to endogenous vasopressin, that this difference is dependent upon the ovarian hormones, and that it may lead to differences in consumptive behavior.

EFFECTS OF ARGININE-, LYSINE- AND LEUCINE-VASOPRESSIN ON URINARY OSMOLALITY AND RATE OF URINE FLOW IN HYDRATED RATS AND DOGS

1959 ◽  
Vol XXXII (I) ◽  
pp. 134-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niels A. Thorn
Keyword(s):  
Arginine Vasopressin ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Urine Flow ◽  
The Other ◽  
Maximum Increase ◽  
Urinary Osmolality ◽  
Lysine Vasopressin

ABSTRACT Arginine-, lysine- and leucine-vasopressin, injected i. v. into hydrated rats or dogs caused different patterns of response in that urine osmolality fell much more slowly after the maximum increase following arginine-vasopressin, than after the other two preparations. Using 3 different parameters for antidiuretic response, arginine-vasopressin was somewhat more potent than leucine-vasopressin in both rats and dogs, considerably more potent than lysine-vasopressin in rats, and much more so in dogs.

Parental Characteristics in Relation to Depressive Disorders

1979 ◽  
Vol 134 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Parker
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Parental Care ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Clinical Group ◽  
Valid Measure ◽  
Parental Overprotection ◽  
Parental Characteristics ◽  
Manic Depressive ◽  
Depressive Patients

SummaryUsing a reliable and valid measure of reported parental care and overprotection (the Parental Bonding Instrument) patients with two types of depressive disorder were compared with a control group, and the relationships to depressive experience examined in a non-clinical group as well. Bipolar manic-depressive patients scored like controls whereas neurotic depressives reported less parental care and greater maternal overprotection. Depressive experience in the non-clinical group was negatively associated with low parental care and weakly associated with parental overprotection.

scholarly journals Partial nephrogenic diabetes insipidus associated with lithium therapy

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. e231093 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eka Nandoshvili ◽  
Steve Hyer ◽  
Nikhil Johri
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Insipidus ◽  
Affective Disorder ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Intramuscular Injection ◽  
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Bipolar Affective Disorder ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Urinary Concentrating Ability

A 40-year-old Caucasian man developed excessive thirst and polyuria particularly at night over the preceding 6 months. He had been taking lithium for 16 years for the treatment of bipolar affective disorder. Investigations revealed subnormal maximum urinary concentrating ability after 8 hours of water deprivation and only a borderline response of urine osmolality to exogenous desmopressin given by intramuscular injection. A plasma copeptin concentration was elevated at 23 pmol/L. These results were consistent with partial nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. He was encouraged to increase his water intake as dictated by his thirst. In addition, he received amiloride with some improvement in his symptoms. Clinicians should be aware of the risk of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus with long-term lithium use and seek confirmation by a supervised water deprivation test augmented with a baseline plasma copeptin. If increased water intake is insufficient to control symptoms, amiloride may be considered.

Renal response to vasopressin and indomethacin in cisplatin-treated rats

1987 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Lote ◽  
Ernest S. Harpur ◽  
Andrew Thewles ◽  
Donna J. Phipps
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Single Dose ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Urine Flow ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fischer 344 ◽  
Antidiuretic Effect ◽  
Natriuretic Effect ◽  
Observation Period

1. Cisplatin [6 mg/kg body weight, in 0.9% (w/v) NaCl] was injected intraperitoneally as a single dose to two groups of rats (Fischer 344 strain). Two further groups of rats, injected intraperitoneally with an equivalent volume of 0.9% (w/v) NaCl, were used as controls. The cisplatin-treated rats developed a pronounced polyuria which did not recover during an 18 week observation period. 2. After 21 weeks, one group of the cisplatin-treated animals received a 6 h infusion of 2.5% d-glucose. Vasopressin (60 μ-units min−1 100 g−1 body weight) was incorporated into the infusate for the final 2 h. A control group of animals received an identical infusion. One week later the other group of cisplatin-treated rats received a 6 h infusion of 0.9% (w/v) NaCl. Indomethacin was incorporated into the infusate for 15 min, at 3 h 52.5 min, to deliver a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight. A control group again received an identical infusion. 3. Cisplatin did not impair the antidiuretic effect of vasopressin, but it reduced the natriuretic effect of vasopressin, and also impaired the ability of the animals to produce concentrated urine. 4. Cisplatin did not alter basal PGE2 excretion, or the reduction in PGE2 excretion induced by indomethacin. However, the urine flow in the cisplatin-treated group did not fall after indomethacin, whereas there was a fall in urine flow in the control group.

EVIDENCE THAT THE ANTIDIURETIC SUBSTANCE IN THE PLASMA OF CHILDREN WITH NEPHROGENIC DIABETES INSIPIDUS IS ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 384-388
Author(s):  
Malcolm A. Holliday ◽  
Charles Burstin ◽  
Jean Harrah
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Insipidus ◽  
Antidiuretic Hormone ◽  
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Urine Flow ◽  
Antidiuretic Activity ◽  
Antecubital Vein ◽  
Assay Technique

The antidiuretic activity in the plasma of four children with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus was measured by a rat assay technique. The evidence presented to indicate that this activity was due to antidiuretic hormone (ADH) was as follows: (a) the activity was higher in jugular vein plasma than in femoral or antecubital vein plasma, (b) it was high when the children were thirsted and decreased when they drank water, (c) it was destroyed when the plasma was incubated with thioglycollate, and (d) it was ultrafilterable, and vasopressin (Pitressin), when injected, was distributed as though it was ultrafilterable. When the children were given vasopressin, there was no change in urine flow or osmolality, but plasma antidiuretic activity was higher than it was when water deprivation led to a reduction in urine flow and an increase in urine osmolality. The inference of these findings is that ADH is secreted normally in children with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, it is ultrafilterable, but it is not a factor in modifying urine flow in response to dehydration.

scholarly journals Collecting duct-specific knockout of adenylyl cyclase type VI causes a urinary concentration defect in mice

2012 ◽  
Vol 302 (1) ◽  
pp. F78-F84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl P. Roos ◽  
Kevin A. Strait ◽  
Kalani L. Raphael ◽  
Mitsi A. Blount ◽  
Donald E. Kohan
Keyword(s):  
Adenylyl Cyclase ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Arginine Vasopressin ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Collecting Duct ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Camp Accumulation ◽  
Water Excretion ◽  
Normal Water

Collecting duct (CD) adenylyl cyclase VI (AC6) has been implicated in arginine vasopressin (AVP)-stimulated renal water reabsorption. To evaluate the role of CD-derived AC6 in regulating water homeostasis, mice were generated with CD-specific knockout (KO) of AC6 using the Cre/loxP system. CD AC6 KO and controls were studied under normal water intake, chronically water loaded, or water deprived; all of these conditions were repeated in the presence of continuous administration of 1-desamino-8-d-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP). During normal water intake or after water deprivation, urine osmolality (Uosm) was reduced in CD AC6 KO animals vs. controls. Similarly, Uosm was decreased in CD AC6 KO mice vs. controls after water deprivation+DDAVP administration. Pair-fed (with controls) CD AC6 KO mice also had lower urine osmolality vs. controls. There were no detectable differences between KO and control animals in fluid intake or urine volume under any conditions. CD AC6 KO mice did not have altered plasma AVP levels vs. controls. AVP-stimulated cAMP accumulation was reduced in acutely isolated inner medullary CD (IMCD) from CD A6 KO vs. controls. Medullary aquaporin-2 (AQP2) protein expression was lower in CD AC6 KO mice vs. controls. There were no differences in urinary urea excretion or IMCD UT-A1 expression; however, IMCD UT-A3 expression was reduced in CD AC6 KO mice vs. controls. In summary, AC6 in the CD regulates renal water excretion, most likely through control of AVP-stimulated cAMP accumulation and AQP2.

Mechanisms of Post-Obstructive Diuresis in the Solitary Hydronephrotic Kidney of the Rat

1975 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-176
Author(s):  
D. R. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Glomerular Filtration Rate ◽  
Glomerular Filtration ◽  
Sodium Excretion ◽  
Filtration Rate ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Urine Flow ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Water Reabsorption ◽  
Hydronephrotic Kidney ◽  
Remnant Kidney

1. In order to clarify further the phenomenon of post-obstructive diuresis, clearance and micro-puncture experiments were done before and after relief of partial ureteral obstruction in rats with a solitary hydronephrotic kidney. 2. Glomerular filtration rate, urine flow and sodium excretion increased markedly, whereas surface nephron glomerular filtration rate increased only slightly and intratubular pressure, proximal and distal tubular water reabsorption did not change significantly. Decreased tubular reabsorption in deeper nephrons and collecting ducts appeared to be of major importance in the post-obstructive diuresis after relief of chronic obstruction. 3. In order to examine further the distinctive functional characteristics of the chronically hydronephrotic kidney, the results were compared with control rats having a solitary normal kidney or a solitary remnant kidney with an intact renal medulla. Urine flow rate and sodium excretion were higher and urine osmolality was lower (P < 0.01) in post-obstructive kidneys when compared with either control group. There were no differences in glomerular filtration rate or surface nephron function which could account for the greater diuresis and natriuresis from the hydronephrotic kidney, thus confirming the importance of an abnormality in deep nephron or medullary function in post-obstructive diuresis. 4. There was a greater diuresis in post-obstructive rats with a marked increase in blood urea concentration. Water reabsorption in the distal nephron was decreased in such animals, as well as in urea-loaded rats with a remnant kidney, indicating the probable mechanism by which urea diuresis potentiates the phenomenon of post-obstructive diuresis.

Urinary osmolality as a function of flow rates in several diuretic states

1963 ◽  
Vol 204 (4) ◽  
pp. 548-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Herms ◽  
Peter H. Abbrecht ◽  
Fernando Alzamora ◽  
Richard L. Malvin
Keyword(s):  
Arterial Occlusion ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Urine Flow ◽  
Osmotic Diuresis ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Urinary Osmolality ◽  
Ringer’S Solution ◽  
Renal Concentrating Mechanism ◽  
Urinary Concentrating Ability ◽  
And Control

The effect of different solute loads on the renal concentrating mechanism was evaluated at different glomerular filtration rates (GFR). GFR was varied by partial ureteral or arterial occlusion in dogs undergoing osmotic diuresis. A Ringer's solution was infused to which the following solutes were added so that the final concentrations of the solutes were as follows: a) 383 mm/liter mannitol + 255–285 mm/liter NaCl; b) 500 mm/liter urea; c) 193 mm/liter mannitol; d) 300 mm/liter urea + 385 mm/ liter mannitol. Steady-state values for GFR, urine flow, and urine osmolalities were obtained for the occluded and control kidneys and expressed as the ratio occluded-to-control. Changing the sodium chloride load did not alter the correlation between flow rate and urine osmolality as found in previous experiments with dogs which were not infused with additional sodium. However, variations in the urea and mannitol load did alter this relationship. The greater the mannitol load the lower was the osmolality ratio at any given GFR. The results indicate that both urea trapping and urine flow rates are important determinants of urinary concentrating ability.

Urinary Excretion of Adenosine 3’: 5′-Cyclic Monophosphate in Depressive Illness

1974 ◽  
Vol 125 (586) ◽  
pp. 275-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham J. Naylor ◽  
David A. Stansfield ◽  
Susan F. Whyte ◽  
Frederick Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Amp ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Affective State ◽  
Depressive Illness ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cyclic Monophosphate ◽  
Manic Depressive ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Urinary Cyclic Amp ◽  
Depressive Patients

Changes in the excretion of adenosine 3’:5′-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) have been reported in depressive illness. Abdulla and Hamadah (1970) reported that urinary cyclic AMP excretion was lower than normal during depression and increased with recovery. However, these results were based on single 24-hour urine collections during depression and on recovery, with no creatinine estimations to suggest that the collections were complete. There was no control of diet, drugs or activity. The controls do not appear to have been matched for age. Paul, Ditzion, Pauk and Janowsky (1970) reported that the cyclic AMP excretion in neurotic depression was higher and in psychotic depression was lower than in a control group, but neither difference was statistically significant. However, on enlarging the study by including more psychotic depressives they reported that the cyclic AMP excretion of this group was significantly less than that of the controls (Paul, Cramer and Goodwin, 1971). These workers had controlled the patients' drug and dietary (but not fluid) intake. There appeared to be only minimal control of activity. The results were based on approximately two samples of urine per subject, which were very carefully checked for completeness of collection. Unfortunately the age of the controls (19–22 years) was very different from that of the patients (25–64 years). On two small groups of patients treated with either Laevodopa or lithium carbonate, they reported that changes in affective state were accompanied by changes in the urinary excretion of cyclic AMP. However, in serial studies on manic-depressive patients Paul, Cramer and Bunney (1971) failed to show a correlation between mood rating and cyclic AMP excretion in five out of seven patients; but they reported that the cyclic AMP excretion was increased on the day of rapid switch from depression to mania. The above groups of workers had used an enzymatic-isotope displacement technique to estimate the cyclic AMP. Brown, Salway, Albano, Hullin and Ekins (1972), using a saturation method to assay cyclic AMP, found no correlation between mood and cyclic AMP excretion in two short-cycle manic-depressive patients. Jenner, Sampson, Thompson, Somerville, Beard and Smith (1972) wrote: ‘We have measured daily excretion by a number of depressed and manic depressive patients over periods covering several mood changes without being able to establish any consistent correlation between cyclic AMP excretion and mood, … However, in one unusual case we have found a very marked correlation‘. We (Naylor, Dick, Dick, Moody and Stansfield, 1974) were unable to demonstrate any relationship between urinary cyclic AMP excretion and mood in a patient with recurrent psychotic episodes, in which depressive features predominated.

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