δ-Aminolaevulinic acid in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva and erythrocytes: Studies in normal, uraemic and porphyric subjects

1987 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Gorchein ◽  
R. Webber
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Plasma Level ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Acute Intermittent Porphyria ◽  
Maternal Plasma ◽  
Electron Capture Detection ◽  
Maximum Plasma ◽  
Aminolaevulinic Acid ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Level

1. ô-Aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) was determined by g.l.c. with electron-capture detection. Normal plasma level was 92 nmol/l (sd = 39, n = 89, range 24–270 nmol/l). 2. ALA was undetectable in 35 of 53 samples of normal cerebrospinal fluid (limit of assay 2 nmol/l). The mean of the other 18 samples was 19 nmol/l (sd = 10, range 6–36 nmol/l). 3. Salivary ALA was generally only 10–30% of the plasma level in normal and porphyric subjects. 4. Erythrocytes of normal and porphyric subjects contained no detectable ALA and were impermeable to its entry. 5. ALA clearance correlated closely with that of creatinine, consistent with it being excreted by glomerular filtration with limited tubular reabsorption. 6. In chronic renal failure, serum ALA was elevated to a maximum of three to four times the normal, but its urinary excretion was reduced, in keeping with lessened production. 7. In two cases of acute intermittent porphyria with overwhelming neuropathy the maximum plasma levels of ALA were 9 and 12 μmol/l. Haematin infusion decreased the ALA levels but without obvious clinical benefit. Limited neurological recovery occurred without major reduction in plasma levels of ALA. 8. One subject's attack was precipitated by pregnancy. The neonate was apparently normal, despite high levels of ALA in maternal plasma throughout gestation and a high level of ALA in the cord blood. 9. The observations described here do not support the view that ALA may be directly neurotoxic.

EFFECTS OF CONTINUOUS DAILY ADMINISTRATION OF 0.5 mg OF CHLORMADINONE ACETATE ON THE PLASMA LEVELS OF PROGESTERONE AND ON THE URINARY EXCRETION OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE AND TOTAL OESTROGENS

1970 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 705-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Larsson-Cohn ◽  
E. D. B. Johansson ◽  
L. Wide ◽  
C. Gemzell
Keyword(s):  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Plasma Level ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Chlormadinone Acetate ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Difference ◽  
All Treatment

ABSTRACT Daily determinations of the plasma level of progesterone and the urinary excretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and total oestrogens were performed in 6 subjects during one control cycle, immediately followed by three cycles of daily treatment with 0.5 mg of chlormadinone acetate continuously. The control cycles were ovulatory according to the parameters investigated. Two of the women showed a normal LH excretion pattern in all treatment cycles. The four other subjects also had periodical variations in the LH excretion but no distinct midcycle peaks occurred. The mean oestrogen excretion was increased in all three treatment cycles but the difference was satistically significant only in the last two cycles. Compared with the treatment cycles, the sum of progesterone values was significantly decreased in the first two cycles. Chlormadinone acetate in this dose had no thermogenic effect. Three of the subjects showed bleeding irregularities which had no clear connection with the hormone variations measured in the study. It is suggested that the low levels of progesterone might be due to a defective corpus luteum function.

What Does Antidepressant Drug level Monitoring Reveal About Outpatient Treatment and Patient Adherence?

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (02) ◽  
pp. 78-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Silhan ◽  
Romana Urinovska ◽  
Ivana Kacirova ◽  
Martin Hyza ◽  
Milan Grundmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Level ◽  
Outpatient Treatment ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ◽  
Reference Range ◽  
Patient Adherence ◽  
Antidepressant Drug ◽  
Drug Level ◽  
Maximum Plasma ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Introduction The evaluation of plasma levels of antidepressants may improve the treatment outcome. The aim was to verify adherence and adequacy of administered doses of antidepressants among patients hospitalized for inadequate outpatient therapeutic response. Methods Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or venlafaxine plasma levels were assessed on the first day of hospitalization and after 3 days of controlled administration. The patients were considered adherent if the plasma level on admission was within the interval of the minimum and maximum plasma level on the fourth day, expanded by 30%. The adequacy of antidepressant doses used during the outpatient treatment was assessed by comparing the plasma level on the fourth day with the therapeutic reference range. Results Out of 83 patients, 52 (62.7%) were adherent. The plasma levels of antidepressants on the fourth day were found to be within the therapeutic reference range in 35 (43.2%) patients. The same number manifested levels below the therapeutic reference range. In 11 (13.6%) patients, the levels were higher than recommended. No significant difference in rate of adherence was found among individual antidepressants. Conclusion The results show that antidepressant nonresponders are frequently under-dosed or nonadherent.

Gestational Age Dependency in the Prenatal Toxicity and in the Disposition Kinetics of the Novel Anticonvulsant HEPP (D,L-3-Hydroxy-3-ethyl-3-phenylpropionamide) after Subcutaneous Administration in Pregnant Rats

2007 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisbeth E. Gómez-Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Multiple Dose ◽  
Maternal Plasma ◽  
Maximum Plasma ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Fetal Period ◽  
Fetal Toxicity ◽  
Concentration Time

HEPP (D,L-3-hydroxy-3-ethyl-3-phenylpropionamide) is a novel anticonvulsant with promising anticonvulsant profile, which is being actively researched. The potential maternal and embryo/fetal toxicities of HEPP were evaluated in pregnant rats following subcutaneous (s.c.) administration during organogenesis (gestation days 6 through 14, GDs 6–14) and the fetal period (GDs 14–21). Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics were also evaluated at the same periods in order to establish possible correlations with some maternal or embryo/fetal toxicity end points. Embryotoxicity was mainly indicated by a significant dose-concentration dependency in the increase in resorptions, high percentage of fully resorbed litters, and decrease in embryo body weights during the GD6–14 dosing period. No gross external alterations were observed in live fetuses. There was no indication of maternal toxicity; but a marked increase in maternal body weight was evident following dosing from GD14 to GD21. The maternal plasma profile following single subcutaneous dose of 50 mg/kg on both GD14 and GD21 showed a monoexponential elimination pattern. Statistically significant differences between treatments (GD14 versus GD21) were observed in elimination ( kel = 0.12 versus 0.15 h−1), absorption ( ka = 2.01 versus 3.14 h−1), maximum plasma concentration time points ( Tmax = 1.49 versus 1.01 h); maximum plasma concentration ( Cmax = 40.23 versus 36.31 μg/ml) and areas under the concentration-time curve (AUCs0– ∞ = 421.88 versus 274 μg h/ml. Based on comparisons of Cmax, Tmax, and AUCs0– ∞ between the actual data and single intraperitoneal (i.p.) data previously published, the s.c. administration exhibited slower disposition and higher absorbed amount. After multiple-dose administrations of 50 and 100 mg/kg every 12 h (07:00 and 19:00 h), steady-state plasma levels were lower than the computer prediction, and only slight accumulation was observed. In both dosing periods HEPP levels were similar in mothers and offspring at steady-state conditions. The high incidence of embryo death and reduced embryo weight at GD6–14 dosing compared to GD14–21 dosing suggest that embryos are more sensitive to the deleterious effects of HEPP than fetuses; however, the faster elimination observed at late gestation could also contribute to the lower toxicity observed during the fetal period. Because the maternal HEPP plasma levels and the AUC values were positively correlated with embryo/fetal toxicity end points, both pharmacokinetic parameters could be reliable indicators of offspring exposure and consequently of potential toxicity. These data suggest that the length of time that HEPP is present in the maternal plasma at a sufficiently high concentration could be determinant of adverse effects in the offspring.

scholarly journals Evaluation of plasma zinc and copper in patient with chronic renal failure in Khartoum State - Sudan

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 352-354
Author(s):  
Salman Taha Ahmed Elmukashfi ◽  
Abdelwahab Abdien Saeed ◽  
Mutaz Ibrahim Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Renal Failure ◽  
Chronic Renal Failure ◽  
Plasma Level ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Test Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
The Mean

The kidney is complex vital organs, and has many functions. The main function it‘s removal of toxic and excess  substancesfrom the plasma, if there is any defect in the kidney like renal failure can disrupt  this function. The aim of this study was to determine the level of Zinc and Copper in Sudanese patient with chronic renal failure. This study was designed as case control, which includes 100 blood samples, a 60 from these sample were collected from patient with chronic renal failure and 40 samples were collected from health individual as control group and the sample is collected by using sterile disposable syringes and separated by centrifuge. Carried out in Ribat University Hospital in Khartoum state, during period from March to June 2018. And the plasma levels of zinc and copper determined by the use of atomic absorption spectrophotometer (OPERATOR’S MANUAL January 2003 VER 3.94 C), and the obtained results were analyzed by SPSS. The result of this study showed that there was significant decrease (p<0.05) in the plasma levels of zinc and copper in patient with chronic renal failure compared to the control subjects. The mean of plasma Zn was 0.3mg/l in test group and 0.7mg/l in control group with p. value of 0.002 and the mean of plasma Copper was 0.5mg/l in test group and 0.7mg/l in control group with p. value of 0.019. Also the study showed the gender and age of the patient, also the duration of the disease have no effect on the plasma level of zinc and copper (p 0.05). The study concludes that the plasma level of zinc and copper are low in patient with chronic renal failure. And the gender and age of the patient also the duration of disease have no significant effect on the plasma level of zinc and copper. Keywords: Chronic Renal Failure, Zinc, Copper, Sudanese

Family Studies on the Activity of Uroporphyrinogen I Synthase in Diagnosis of Acute Intermittent Porphyria

1978 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-256
Author(s):  
E. G. Astrup
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Family Studies ◽  
Acute Intermittent Porphyria ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Discriminative Power ◽  
Healthy Men ◽  
Aminolaevulinic Acid ◽  
Spectrofluorimetric Method ◽  
The Mean

1. Ten subjects with acute intermittent porphyria from three different families, and 92 relatives, were investigated for their erythrocyte uroporphyrinogen I synthase (EC 4.3.1.8) activities by the spectrofluorimetric method described and for their urinary concentrations of δ-aminolaevulinic acid and porphobilinogen. 2. The mean uroporphyrinogen I synthase activity in 41 healthy women and 41 healthy men showed a significant (P < 0·001) sex difference. 3. A reduction of about 32% of the enzyme activity was observed in the porphyric subjects as compared with values in healthy normal subjects and the values from the porphyric subjects overlapped those of the reference subjects. 4. With the values from the normal subjects in each family used as reference, however, the enzyme activity in normal subjects was twice that in affected subjects. Thus by using an internal family reference uroporphyrinogen I synthase values became more reliable in disclosing latent cases of the disorder. Furthermore, these measurements were shown to have a stronger discriminative power than urinary δ-aminolaevulinic acid and porphobilinogen determinations.

scholarly journals Minimal Cerebrospinal Fluid Concentration of Miltefosine despite Therapeutic Plasma Levels during the Treatment of Amebic Encephalitis

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marguerite L. Monogue ◽  
Durward Watson ◽  
Julie S. Alexander ◽  
Dominick Cavuoti ◽  
Laura M. Doyle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid Concentration ◽  
Fluid Concentration ◽  
Amebic Encephalitis ◽  
High Level

ABSTRACT Miltefosine is an alkylphosphocholine compound that is used primarily for treatment of leishmaniasis and demonstrates in vitro and in vivo antiamebic activity against Acanthamoeba species. Recommendations for treatment of amebic encephalitis generally include miltefosine therapy. Data indicate that treatment with an amebicidal concentration of at least 16 μg/ml of miltefosine is required for most Acanthamoeba species. Although there is a high level of mortality associated with amebic encephalitis, a paucity of data regarding miltefosine levels in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in vivo exists in the literature. We found that despite aggressive dosing (oral miltefosine 50 mg every 6 h) and therapeutic plasma levels, the miltefosine concentration in cerebrospinal fluid was negligible in a patient with AIDS and Acanthamoeba encephalitis.

scholarly journals Variation in dose and plasma level of lamotrigine in patients discharged from a mental health trust

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petrina Douglas-Hall ◽  
Olubanke Dzahini ◽  
Fiona Gaughran ◽  
Ahmed Bile ◽  
David Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Plasma Level ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Enzyme Inhibitor ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Health Trust ◽  
Enzyme Inducers

Background: The objectives of this study were to investigate the dose of lamotrigine when prescribed with an enzyme inhibitor or enzyme inducer in patients discharged from a mental health trust and to determine the corresponding lamotrigine plasma concentrations and the factors that may affect these. Methods: All patients discharged on lamotrigine between October 2007 and September 2012 were identified using the pharmacy dispensing database. We recorded demographic details, lamotrigine dose and plasma levels and coprescribed medication. Results: During the designated period, 187 patients were discharged on lamotrigine of whom 117 had their plasma levels recorded. The mean lamotrigine daily dose was 226.1 mg (range 12.5–800 mg) and the mean plasma level 5.9 mg/l (range 0.8–18.1 mg/l). Gender, ethnicity, diagnosis and smoking status had no significant effect on dose or plasma levels. Patients taking an enzyme-inducing drug ( n = 6) had significantly lower plasma levels [mean (SD) 3.40 (1.54) mg/l] than those not taking enzyme inducers [ n = 111; 6.03 (3.13) mg/l; p = 0.043]. Patients taking an enzyme-inhibiting drug ( n = 23) had significantly higher levels [7.47 (3.99) mg/l] than those not taking an inhibitor [ n = 94; 5.52 (2.75) mg/l; p = 0.035]. No significant difference was found between the doses of lamotrigine in patients taking an enzyme inhibitor and those not taking one ( p = 0.376). No significant difference was found between the doses of lamotrigine in patients taking an enzyme-inducing drug and those not taking any ( p = 0.574). Conclusions: Current dosing recommendations indicate that lamotrigine doses should be halved in individuals taking enzyme inhibitors and doubled in those on enzyme inducers. In our survey these recommendations were rarely followed with the consequence that patients received too high or too low a dose of lamotrigine, respectively.

scholarly journals KADAR INTERLEUKIN 10 (IL-10) MALARIA DAN ANEMIA

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 4
Author(s):  
I Nyoman Wande ◽  
Endang Retnowati ◽  
Juli Soemarsono
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Level ◽  
Interleukin 10 ◽  
Th2 Cytokine ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
Important Complication ◽  
Primary Health Centres ◽  
Health Centres ◽  
Th1 Cytokine ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Level

Anaemia is an important complication of malaria, and its pathogenesis is not well understood. High level of the Th2 cytokine (such as IL-10), which counteract the Th1 cytokine, might prevent the development of severe malarial anaemia. The purpose of this study was to know the comparation between the plasma level of IL-10 in malaria patients with anaemia and without anaemia. The plasma level of IL-10 was examined in 16 malaria patients with anaemia and 16 malaria caused by P. falciparum patients without anaemia samplestaken from patients at the primary health centres in West Lombok and Centre Lombok during March until July 2008. The samples were measured using ELISA. The concentration of haemoglobin (Hb) was measured using hematological analyzer. The anaemia concentration of Hb is <11 g/dL. The results were analyzed using two (2) sample t test with SPSS ver.13.The plasma level of IL-10 in malaria patients caused by P. falciparum with anaemia was 8.81(3.04) [mean(SD)] pg/mL where as the plasma level of IL-10 in malaria patients without anaemia was 47.99(25.26) pg/mL. The mean of IL-10 level in malaria falciparum patients with anaemia was significantly lower than that of malaria patients caused by P. falciparum without anaemia (p=0.000).

PERIPHERAL PLASMA LEVELS OF OESTROGENS AND PROGESTERONE DURING LATE BOVINE PREGNANCY

1973 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars-Eric Edqvist ◽  
Lars Ekman ◽  
Börje Gustafsson ◽  
Elof D. B. Johansson
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Level ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Significant Drop ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Bovine Pregnancy ◽  
White Breed ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACT The peripheral plasma levels of oestrone* were measured in 127 dairy cows of the Swedish Red and White Breed. The levels recorded during the time period from the 20th to the 35th week of pregnancy were below or about 0.1 ng per ml. After the 35th week of pregnancy the levels increased gradually and maximum levels ranging from 0.5 to 2 ng per ml were found during the last week of gestation. After parturition the levels decreased significantly to about 0.1 ng per ml or less. Six cows were sampled daily from 8 days before until two days after parturition. The peripheral plasma levels of oestrone, oestradiol-17β and progesterone were measured. The oestrone level ranged from about 0.7 to 0.9 ng per ml during the last eight days preceding the delivery. The peripheral plasma levels of oestradiol-17β followed the same pattern as for oestrone. The concentration of oestradiol was only 10 to 20 per cent of the oestrone level. The mean peripheral plasma levels of progesterone were about 4 to 5 ng per ml during the last seven days before partus. A significant drop of the peripheral plasma level of progesterone to an average of 1.8 ng per ml occurred about 24 hours before parturition.

scholarly journals Determination of δ-aminolaevulinic acid in biological fluids by gas-liquid chromatography with electron-capture detection

1984 ◽  
Vol 219 (3) ◽  
pp. 883-889 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Gorchein
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Electron Capture ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Electron Capture Detection ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Aminolaevulinic Acid ◽  
Highly Sensitive

A derivative of delta-aminolaevulinic acid (AmLev), 2-methyl-3-acetyl-4-(3-propionic acid pentafluorobenzyl ester)pyrrole, with favourable properties for g.l.c. with electron-capture detection, was synthesized. Less than 1 pg could be detected on the column. 6-Amino-5-oxohexanoic acid formed the analogous derivative under similar conditions and was used as the internal standard in the development of a highly sensitive and specific assay for AmLev. The method has been applied to peripheral-venous and umbilical-cord plasma and to cerebrospinal fluid of normal and porphyric subjects.

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