Inactive plasma renin exhibits sex difference in mice

1989 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arne Høj Nielsen ◽  
Arne Johannessen ◽  
Knud Poulsen
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Plasma Renin ◽  
High Plasma ◽  
Normal Male ◽  
Normal Female ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Submandibular Glands ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Inactive Renin

1. The plasma concentration of inactive renin was two-to three-fold higher in male than in female mice independently of whether mice of strains with low (BALB/c) or high (Theiller) content of active renin in the submandibular salivary glands were studied. 2. Removal of the submandibular glands did not affect the high plasma concentration of inactive renin in male mice. 3. Inactive plasma renin decreased over several days after castration of normal and sialoadenectomized male mice to the same levels as those found in normal female mice. 4. Treatment of these castrated male mice with testosterone increased and normalized inactive plasma renin independently of whether the submandibular glands had been previously removed or not. 5. Testosterone treatment of sialoadenectomized female mice increased inactive renin to the same levels as those found in normal male mice. 6. Our findings suggest that the sex difference in inactive plasma renin in mice may be explained by an increased secretion of inactive renin in male mice stimulated by androgens. 7. Since we have recently found that inactive plasma renin in male mice is mainly of renal origin, this increased secretion is most likely located to the kidneys.

Effect of sex difference and pregnancy on the normal reactive hyperemia curve

1977 ◽  
Vol 233 (4) ◽  
pp. H500-H504
Author(s):  
J. K. Vyden ◽  
T. Takano ◽  
K. Nagasawa ◽  
T. Ogawa ◽  
M. Groseth-Robertson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Vascular Reactivity ◽  
Forearm Blood Flow ◽  
Circulatory Arrest ◽  
Reactive Hyperemia ◽  
Normal Male ◽  
Normal Female ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Normal Males

The 10-min reactive hyperemia reaction was studied in a group of normal males, 10 normal females, 10 females in each trimester of pregnancy, and 10 females 6 wk postpartum. Sex difference had a marked effect on the hyperemic reaction, in that 5 and 15 s after release of circulatory arrest, the mean forearm blood flow in normal males was significantly reduced below that of normal females. During pregnancy there was a shift in the reaction of the pregnant female toward that in the normal male. In the 1st trimester of pregnancy, 5 s after circulatory arrest the mean forearm blood flow was diminished below that of the normal female; in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters at 5 s, the reaction was significantly diminished below that of the normal female. At 6wk postpartum, the reaction was essentially the same as in the nonpregnant female. Although these changes may be explained by a hormonal difference, they portray that there may be a marked difference in vascular reactivity due to sex difference only.

Role of the ovary in sexual differentiation of lactotrophs and somatotrophs in the mouse adenohypophysis: a stereological morphometric study by electron microscopy

1983 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-NP ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Sasaki ◽  
M. Sano
Keyword(s):  
Adult Male ◽  
Sexual Differentiation ◽  
Morphometric Study ◽  
Normal Male ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
Normal Males

To study the effect of the ovary on sexual differentiation of somatotrophs and lactotrophs, the anterior pituitary glands of castrated adult male mice which had received an ovarian transplant during postnatal development were studied using a stereological morphometric technique with an electron microscope. In adult male mice which were castrated neonatally and given ovarian transplants at the age of puberty (NCT-males), the ovaries contained follicles and corpora lutea. The percentages (∼40) and numbers (∼2 × 105) of lactotrophs were similar in normal dioestrous females and NCT-males, but were higher than the percentage (9·3) and number (4·6 × 104) in normal males. Ovarian grafts in adult male mice which were simultaneously castrated and given an ovarian transplant just before puberty (PCT-males) contained numerous follicles of various sizes but no corpora lutea. The percentage (46·8) and number (3·9 × 105) of lactotrophs were greater in these mice than in dioestrous females. The percentage of somatotrophs in NCT-males (34·7) was less than in normal males (52·6), but was similar to that in dioestrous female mice (37·4). The percentage of somatotrophs in PCT-males (27·4) was less than in normal male and dioestrous female mice. These data indicate that lactotrophs and somatotrophs differentiate to the female phenotype when a cyclically functional ovary is present after puberty.

scholarly journals Leptin pharmacokinetics in male mice

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A Hart ◽  
Robin C Dobos ◽  
Linda L Agnew ◽  
Neil A Smart ◽  
James R McFarlane
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Normal Male ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Major Target

Pharmacokinetics of leptin in mammals has not been studied in detail and only one study has examined more than one time point in non-mutant mice and this was in a female mice. This is the first study to describe leptin distribution over a detailed time course in normal male mice. A physiologic dose (12 ng) of radiolabelled leptin was injected into adult male mice via the lateral tail vein and tissues were dissected out and measured for radioactivity over a time course of up to two hours. Major targets were the digestive tract, kidneys, skin and lungs. The brain was not a major target, and 0.15% of the total dose was recovered from the brain 5 min after administration. Major differences appear to exist in the distribution of leptin between the male and female mice, indicating a high degree of sexual dimorphism. Although the half-lives were similar between male and female mice, almost twice the proportion of leptin was recovered from the digestive tract of male mice in comparison to that reported previously for females. This would seem to indicate a major difference in leptin distribution and possibly function between males and females.

Brown adipose tissue thermogenesis, torpor, and obesity of glutamate-treated mice

1986 ◽  
Vol 251 (4) ◽  
pp. E407-E415 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Tokuyama ◽  
J. Himms-Hagen
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Normal Male ◽  
Obese Mouse ◽  
Metabolic Efficiency ◽  
Obese Mice ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Corticosterone Concentration ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Brown Adipose

Mice treated with glutamate in the neonatal period are known to develop into stunted obese adults, despite hypophagia. Our objective was to find out whether brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenic function might be abnormal in the glutamate-obese mouse. At 10 wk of age, group-housed glutamate-obese mice exhibited nocturnal and early diurnal torpor, i.e., they thermoregulated at a lower than normal body temperature. When exposed to 4 degrees C, they died in hypothermia within 24 h. They could adapt to living at 14 degrees C for up to 1 wk but failed to adjust their food intake sufficiently to maintain their body weight. Their fat stores were, nevertheless, conserved. BAT was present in increased amounts in glutamate-obese mice. Its thermogenic activity (as assessed by the level of mitochondrial GDP binding) was normal (male mice) or reduced (female mice). A normal thermogenic responsiveness of BAT to cold occurred. The thermogenic response of BAT to a cafeteria diet was normal (male mice) or reduced (female mice). Serum corticosterone concentration was increased in both male and female glutamate-treated mice particularly in the cold. We conclude that the high metabolic efficiency and obesity of the glutamate-obese mouse are principally a consequence of its maintenance of a hypothermic torpid state for more than 50% of the time. An additional deficit in energy expenditure in female, but not male, glutamate-obese mice is associated with suppressed responsiveness of the thermogenic function of BAT to diet and may account for the greater degree of obesity in female than in male glutamate-treated mice.

Muscle Lesions in Beige (Chediak-Higashi Syndrome) and Heterozygous C57BL/6J Mice

1986 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 692-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Amann ◽  
D. J. Prieur
Keyword(s):  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Normal Male ◽  
Normal Female ◽  
Type I ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Triceps Brachii ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chediak Higashi Syndrome ◽  
Cytoplasmic Structures

Muscles from male and female C57BL/6J Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) and phenotypically normal mice with the bgJ allele were studied microscopically and histochemically for the presence of basophilic cytoplasmic structures seen by other investigators in muscles of CHS mice of the SB/Le strain. Triceps brachii, gastrocnemius, quadriceps femoris, and biceps femoris muscles were examined. Multiple basophilic cylindrical lesions were present in hematoxylin and eosin-stained muscle from all groups. Lesions were positive for esterase, Sudan black, and periodic acid-Schiff. Lesions were only seen in type II muscle fibers. Type I muscle cells comprised less than an estimated 5% of the total muscle fibers in the four muscles examined. Scores were assigned based on the presence or absence of lesions in each muscle. Male mice of both phenotypes had significantly more lesions ( P < 0.05) than female mice. When sexes were combined, lesions were significantly ( P < 0.05) more numerous in normal mice than CHS mice for all muscles except the gastrocnemius. Lesions were significantly ( P < 0.05) more numerous in the phenotypically normal male than the CHS male mice for the triceps and quadriceps muscles. There was no significant difference ( P > 0.05) between lesions of phenotypically normal female and female CHS mice. Basophilic cytoplasmic structures did not prove to be a manifestation of the CHS trait.

scholarly journals Molecular mechanism for the influence of gender dimorphism on alcoholic liver injury in mice

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
S-Q Li ◽  
P Wang ◽  
D-M Wang ◽  
H-J Lu ◽  
R-F Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Injury ◽  
Molecular Mechanism ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
B Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Alcoholic Liver Injury ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Gender Dimorphism ◽  
Treated Male ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Gene And Protein Expression

It is known that women develop alcoholic liver injury more rapidly and have a lower alcohol toxic threshold than men. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms remain unclear. The precise mechanism responsible for the sex difference needs to be determined. Female and male mice were given ethanol by intragastric infusion every day for 4 weeks. The pathological changes were detected by hematoxylin–eosin, Sirius red, oil red O, periodic acid–Schiff, and Hochest33258 staining in the liver of female and male mice. The related gene and protein expression of hepatocytes stress, proliferation and apoptosis, glycogen synthesis, lipid metabolism, and hepatic fibrosis were also systematically analyzed in the female and male mice. Livers from ethanol-treated female mice had more serious hepatocyte necrosis, liver fibrosis ( P < 0.01), substantial micro/macrovesicular steatosis ( p < 0.01), glycogen consumption ( p < 0.05), and hepatocytes apoptosis ( p < 0.05) than ethanol-treated male mice. The expression of heat shock protein 27 (HSP27), HSP70, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 (Bcl-2), and phosphorylated signal transducer and activators of transcription 3 (p-STAT3) was higher in ethanol-treated male mice than ethanol-treated female mice ( P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). But, the expression of Bax (Bcl-2-associated X protein), Caspase 3, CYP2E1 (cytochrome P4502E1), and transforming growth factor βl had the contrary results. Our study suggested that ethanol treatment induced more expression of HSP27 and HSP70, faster hepatocyte proliferation, higher level of glycogen, and interleukin-6 signaling pathway activation, but less hepatocyte apoptosis and CYP2E1 expression in male mice than female mice, which could be helpful to understand the molecular mechanism for the influence of sex difference on alcoholic liver injury.

Effect of oral calcium supplementation on intracellular calcium and plasma renin in men

1995 ◽  
Vol 146 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Lijnen ◽  
V Petrov
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Intracellular Calcium ◽  
Calcium Supplementation ◽  
Plasma Renin ◽  
Normal Male ◽  
Calcium Excretion ◽  
Oral Calcium ◽  
Dihydroxyvitamin D ◽  
1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D ◽  
Elemental Calcium

Abstract A double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel study was conducted on the effect of a high daily oral calcium supplementation of 1 g elemental calcium, given twice daily for 16 weeks in normal male subjects, on plasma renin, aldosterone, kallikrein, cGMP, cAMP and calciotropic hormones, intracellular calcium concentrations and plasma total and ionized calcium. After a 1-month run-in period on a limited use of dairy products, the subjects (n=32) were allocated to a placebo or a calcium group. Placebo or 1 g elemental calcium was administered twice daily in the morning and evening for 16 weeks. All subjects were investigated at baseline and after 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 weeks of placebo or calcium administration. A decreased intraerythrocyte and intraplatelet Ca2+ concentration was observed in the calcium-treated subjects. Compared with the placebo group, an increase in the plasma renin activity (PRA) in the calcium group was observed after 4, 8 and 16 weeks of oral calcium administration. However, plasma aldosterone and urinary excretion of aldosterone, kallikrein, cGMP and cAMP were not changed during calcium administration. Oral calcium supplementation in these men was also accompanied by a reduction in the plasma concentration of intact parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, an increase in 24-h urinary calcium excretion but no change in the plasma total Ca2+ concentration, serum ionized Ca2+ level and plasma phosphate or 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. Lacidipine tended to increase PRA in the placebo-treated subjects and to decrease it in the calcium-treated subjects: this difference in lacidipine effect between the placebo and calcium group was significant (P<0·05). Our data show that the increase in PRA observed in men during oral calcium supplementation is accompanied by a reduction in the intracellular free and total Ca2+ concentration in platelets and erythrocytes and by a decrease in the plasma concentration of intact parathormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Journal of Endocrinology (1995) 146, 421–429

scholarly journals Arginase II Plays a Central Role in the Sexual Dimorphism of Arginine Metabolism in C57BL/6 Mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 150 (12) ◽  
pp. 3133-3140
Author(s):  
Mahmoud A Mohammad ◽  
Inka C Didelija ◽  
Juan C Marini
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Arginase Activity ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Synthesis Rate ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Arginine Metabolism ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Arginase Ii ◽  
Endogenous Synthesis

ABSTRACT Background Sex differences in plasma concentration of arginine and arginase activity of different tissues have been reported in mice. In addition, male but not female C57BL/6 mice have a dietary arginine requirement for growth. Objective The goal of this research was to test the hypothesis that arginase II is a key factor in the sexual dimorphism of arginine metabolism. Methods Young adult male and female wild type (WT), and heterozygous and arginase II knockout mice on a C57BL/6 background mice were infused with labeled citrulline, arginine, ornithine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine to determine the rates of appearance and interconversion of these amino acids. Tissue arginase activity was measured in the liver, heart, jejunum, kidney, pancreas, and spleen with an arginine radioisotope. The effect of genotype, sex, and their interaction was tested. Results Female mice produced ∼36% more citrulline than their male littermates, which translated into a greater arginine endogenous synthesis, flux, and plasma concentration (42, 6, and 27%, respectively; P &lt; 0.001). Female mice also had a greater phenylalanine flux (10%) indicating a greater rate of whole protein breakdown; however, they had a lower protein synthesis rate than males (18%; P &lt; 0.001). The ablation of arginase II reduced the production of citrulline and the de novo synthesis of arginine in females and increased the rate of appearance of arginine and plasma arginine concentration in male mice (16 and 22%, respectively; P &lt; 0.001). No effect of arginase II deletion, however, was observed for whole-body protein kinetics. Arginase II activity was present in the pancreas, kidney, jejunum, and spleen; WT females had a ∼2-fold greater renal arginase activity than their WT counterparts. Conclusions A clear sexual dimorphism exists in the endogenous synthesis of arginine and its disposal. Female mice have a greater arginine availability than their male littermates. The ablation of arginase II increases arginine availability in male mice.

Aggression-Provoked Renin Release from An Unknown Source in Male Mice

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (s7) ◽  
pp. 257s-259s ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Poulsen ◽  
E. B. Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
De Novo ◽  
Plasma Renin ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Acid Proteinase ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Angiotensin I ◽  
Submaxillary Glands ◽  
Specific Enzymatic Activity ◽  
Inactive Renin

1. An 800-fold increase in plasma renin occurs after aggressive behaviour in male mice without kidneys and submaxillary glands. 2. The aggression-provoked renin fulfils all the criteria so far studied for being identical with renin. 3. It is an acid proteinase which generates angiotensin I with the same Km and specific enzymatic activity as pure submaxillary renin and normal plasma renin. 4. It is immunologically identical with submaxillary renin in the direct renin assay and in crossed immunoelectrophoresis. 5. It is present in plasma as fully enzymatically active 40 000-mol. wt. renin. 6. It is not likely that it arises from an inactive precursor or binding protein in plasma, since there is no inactive renin present and the high-molecular-weight forms of renin are also present after the fighting. 7. None of many organs so far studied can account for the release. 8. Synthesis of renin de novo during fighting is not likely since it is released also after blockade in vivo of protein synthesis. 9. Origin of the renin is unknown.

Calcium and the Fc Receptor on Human Platelets

1987 ◽  
Vol 57 (03) ◽  
pp. 298-301
Author(s):  
William F Clark ◽  
Gerald J M Tevaarwerk ◽  
Bruce D Reid ◽  
Suzanne Hall ◽  
Anita Caveney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Binding ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Human Platelets ◽  
Fc Receptor ◽  
Normal Male ◽  
Scatchard Analysis ◽  
Normal Female ◽  
Apparent Difference ◽  
Binding Data ◽  
Direct Binding

SummaryWe have described the calcium dependence of the IgG Fc receptor (Fc-R) on human platelets by analyzing the direct binding of radiolabelled Fc fragments, monomers and dimers of IgG. Specific binding to platelets was undetectable at 37° C in a calcium-free preparation but readily detected when calcium was restored. Scatchard analysis of the binding data for the calcium-restored platelets permitted calculation of the available Fc-R and the Ka of binding for the different IgG ligands. The mean Ka of binding for 12 normal subjects varied from 107 to 108 L/M, with an equal receptor number measured by Fc fragments and dimers of IgG, but a lesser amount for monomeric IgG. There was no apparent difference in Fc-R number for platelets from 6 normal male versus 6 normal female subjects.At 4° C binding was detectable for dimers and polymers of IgG in a calcium-free preparation and this was markedly increased with recalcification. Thus, our data are consistent with an Fc receptor population on human platelets whose avidity for binding is significantly enhanced in a calcium-restored medium.

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