Language-Impaired Children's Comprehension of Synthesized Speech

1988 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holly J. Massey
Keyword(s):  
Task Complexity ◽  
Natural Speech ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Language Impaired ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Synthesized Speech ◽  
Token Test ◽  
Impaired Children ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Age And Sex

The Token Test for Children was given in a synthesized-speech version and a natural-speech version to 11 language-impaired children aged 8 years, 9 months to 10 years, 1 month and to 11 control subjects matched for age and sex. The scores of the language-impaired children on the synthesized version were significantly lower than (a) the synthesized-speech scores of the control group and (b) their own scores on the natural-speech version. Task complexity was a significant factor for the experimental group. Language-impaired children may have difficulty understanding some synthesized voice commands.

Facilitating Word Combination in Language-Impaired Children through Discourse Structure

1985 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard G. Schwartz ◽  
Kathy Chapman ◽  
Brenda Y. Terrell ◽  
Patricia Prelock ◽  
Lynne Rowan
Keyword(s):  
Adult Child ◽  
Discourse Structure ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Language Impaired ◽  
Word Combination ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Impaired Children ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Intervention Procedure

The influence of an adult-child discourse structure on the production of early word combinations was examined in language-impaired children. The subjects were 10 children (2:8–3:4) at the single-word utterance level. Eight of the children were engaged in 10 experimental sessions utilizing vertical structures (e.g., Adult: "Who's this?" Child: "Daddy." Adult: "What's Daddy throwing?" Child: "Ball." Adult: "Yeah, Daddy's throwing the ball."), while the remaining children, serving as controls, were engaged in an alternate activity. Examination of pretest and posttest data as well as session data revealed a substantial increase in the number of multiword productions for most of the children in the experimental group but not for the children serving as controls. These findings indicate that vertical structures have a facilitating effect on the multiword productions of language-impaired children comparable to that found in an identical procedure with normally developing children. The use of a naturally occurring adult-child discourse structure as an intervention procedure is discussed.

scholarly journals Interval Hypoxic Training in Rehabilitation Program for Adolescents with Overweight / Obesity and Comorbid Arterial Hypertension: Open-Label Randomized Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-61
Author(s):  
Alexandra V. Mashanskaya ◽  
Anna V. Pogodina ◽  
Alina V. Atalyan ◽  
Lyubov V. Rychkova ◽  
Olga V. Bugun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Aerobic Training ◽  
Rehabilitation Program ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hypoxic Training ◽  
Psychoemotional State ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Age And Sex

Background. Searching for new strategies for the rehabilitation of adolescents with obesity and comorbid arterial hypertension (AHT) before significant pathological changes development in the cardiovascular system remains the urgent challenge. Objective. The aim of the study was to examine the effect of interval hypoxic training (IHT) on blood pressure (BP) levels in adolescents with overweight / obesity and comorbid AHT. Methods. Adolescents aged 14-17 years with body mass index SDS ≥ 1 and grade I AHT (mean level of systolic and/or diastolic BP ≥ 95th percentile for population of corresponding age, sex and height) have been randomized to the group «aerobic training» (treadmill walking) and “aerobic training + IHT” (usage of hypoxicator in intermittent operation cycles). All patients were on subcaloric diet (10% reduction in caloric intake for given age). Primary outcome measure was the difference between groups on systolic/diastolic BP levels according to 24-hour BP monitoring after completion of training program (10 classes each). The effects of IHT on body composition (bioelectrical impedance analysis), heart rate variability and psychoemotional state (Spielberger scale, assessment of health, activity and mood) were further estimated. Results. 43 patients were assigned to the index group, and 42 — to the control group. 67 patients have completed the research program. 5 patients (12%) from the IHT group and 13 patients (31%; p = 0.029) from the control group prematurely discontinued participation in the trial due to poor exercise tolerance. The groups were comparable in baseline systolic and diastolic BP. Decrease in BP occurred in both groups after 10 workouts. There were no differences in decrease value: mean difference for SBP was 2.4 mm Hg (95% CI -6.6 ... 1.8), for DBP — 0.2 mm Hg (-3.6 ... 4.0). However, the incidence of reaching the targeted SBP (< 95th percentile for the corresponding age and sex) after completion of the treatment was recorded in 66% patients in the experimental group and in 42% patients in the control group (p = 0,047). Positive dynamics in several indicators of heart rate variability and psychoemotional state were mentioned in the IHT group. Conclusion. The IHT implementation in the complex of rehabilitation program for adolescents with overweight / obesity and AHT has no additional positive effect on BP levels. However, the incidence of reaching the targeted SBP (< 95th percentile for the corresponding age and sex) after completion of the treatment was recorded in 66% patients in the experimental group and in 42% patients in the control group (p = 0,054).

scholarly journals The production of coherent narrative texts by older language impaired children

1977 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon Tuch
Keyword(s):  
Communicative Competence ◽  
Semantic Content ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Narrative Texts ◽  
Situational Context ◽  
Language Impaired ◽  
Language Problems ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Impaired Children ◽  
General Semantic

A group of  4 language-impaired children, 9 years old, and a group of 4 control children with no language problems were compared on an aspect of  'communicative competence' - their ability to produce coherent narrative texts (sequences of  sentences) which were semantically coherent and appropriate to the situational context. A test was devised by the writer, comprising stories presented to the children through a number of sensory modalities. The narrative texts elicited from  the 2 groups were compared on a number of  measures of  semantic cohesion and measures of  general semantic content (or appropriateness to the situational context). The performance of the language-impaired children appeared to be inferior  to the control group on all the measures of semantic cohesion and general semantic content , supporting the hypothesis that the language-impaired group would perform  inferiorly  to the control group on an aspect of 'communicative competence'. The implications of  the study's findings for the diagnosis and treatment of  expressive language problems in the older child were discussed.

Effects of erythrocyte infusion on VO2max at high altitude

1996 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 252-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Young ◽  
M. N. Sawka ◽  
S. R. Muza ◽  
R. Boushel ◽  
T. Lyons ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Control Group ◽  
O2 Uptake ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group

This study investigated whether autologous erythrocyte infusion would ameliorate the decrement in maximal O2 uptake (VO2max) experienced by lowlanders when they ascend to high altitude. VO2max was measured in 16 men (treadmill running) at sea level (SL) and on the 1st (HA1) and 9th (HA9) days of high-altitude (4,300 m) residence. After VO2max was measured at SL, subjects were divided into two matched groups (n = 8). Twenty-four hours before ascent to high altitude, the experimental group received a 700-ml infusion of autologous erythrocytes and saline (42% hematocrit), whereas the control group received only saline. The VO2max of erythrocyte-infused [54 +/- 1 (SE) ml.kg-1.min-1] and control subjects (52 +/- 2 ml.kg-1.min-1) did not differ at SL before infusion. The decrement in VO2max on HA1 did not differ between groups, averaging 26% overall, despite higher (P < 0.01) arterial hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, and arterial O2 content in the erythrocyte-infused subjects. By HA9, there were no longer any differences in hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, or arterial O2 content between groups. No change in VO2max occurred between HA1 and HA9 for either group. Thus, despite increasing arterial O2-carrying capacity, autologous erythrocyte infusion did not ameliorate the decrement in VO2max at 4,300-m altitude.

scholarly journals Learning of a postural control task by elderly post-stroke patients

Motricidade ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 141
Author(s):  
Giordano Marcio Gatinho Bonuzzi ◽  
Tatiana Beline Freitas ◽  
Umberto Cesar Corrêa ◽  
Andrea Michele Freudenheim ◽  
José Eduardo Pompeu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Postural Control ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Task Complexity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Task ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Post Stroke ◽  
Experimental Group

<p class="ResumoAbstract">The aim of this study was to compare the learning process of a postural control task between post-stroke patients and healthy subjects. The sample was composed of 20 post-stroke individuals (Experimental Group) and 20 aged matched healthy individuals (Control Group). Participants practiced a postural control task in a virtual environment with increasing of complexity. The study design involved four phases: pre-test (five trials), acquisition phase (four blocks of thirty minutes), post-test (five trials), and retention test (five trials after a week without practice). The statistical analysis was run by a 2 x 3 ANOVA (groups x learning tests). Results: There was no difference in motor learning between Experimental Group and Control Group (F= 41.22; p=0.88). In addition, it was founded that the Control Group could learn the task in a higher-level complexity than Experimental Group (F = 4.77; p = 0.01), and both groups increased the error during the trials of practice (F = 0.53; p = 0.00) because of task complexity.  Conclusion: Therefore has been found that post-stroke individuals have the ability to learn a postural control task similar to healthy subjects, and the task complexity seems to be a key-factor in order to differentiate stroke from healthy subject's motor learning process.</p>

Learning and Using Office Automation on Personal Computers: A Voice/Phone Application

1987 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-269
Author(s):  
Anna M. Wichansky
Keyword(s):  
Poor Performance ◽  
Automated System ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Subjective Ratings ◽  
Voice Communication ◽  
Performance Control ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Experimental Subjects ◽  
Human Support ◽  
Experimental Group

An experiment was conducted to evaluate user performance with a voice/phone management system for a personal computer. An experimental group of 11 subjects performed seven common voice communication tasks with the automated system using a touch-tone telephone. A control group of 10 subjects performed the same tasks by calling a dedicated human secretary. Experimental subjects gave favorable subjective ratings to system features despite poor performance. Control subjects performed most tasks faster than experimental subjects. Control subjects worked with the secretary in a more direct and goal-oriented way than experimental subjects using the automated system. The main benefit of the automated system may be its availability when human support is limited.

scholarly journals EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT INTERGENERATIONAL LEARNING PROGRAMS FOR ELDERS WITH MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S114-S114
Author(s):  
Li-Chan Lin
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Activities Of Daily Living ◽  
Video Game ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Instrumental Activities ◽  
Group I ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Token Test ◽  
Experimental Group

Abstract The purposes of this study was to investigate the efficacy of interpersonal relationships, cognition, instrumental activities of daily living, depression for elderly with cognitive impairment through intervention using the intergenerational somatosensory video game and company. The experimental design was used for this study. Eighty-nine elders with mild cognitive impairement and 180 adolescents were from nine junior and senior high school were recruited in this study. Eight day care centers were randomly assigned to the experimental group I (EGI) (5-week intergenerational somatosensory video game), the experimental group II (EGII) (8-week intergenerational somatosensory video game), the experimental group III (EGIII) (5-week intergenerational company), the experimental group IV (EGIV) (8-week intergenerational company) and control group for eight weeks of routine activities. Subjects were interviewed using structured instruments, including the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL), Token test, and Geriatric Depression Scale. Obtained data was analyzed using the Generalized Estimate Equation (GEE). The results revealed that there was no significant difference of eldsers’ characteristics among five groups. After intervention, instrumental activities of daily living scores in 8-week intergenerational somatosensory video game (EGII) and 8-week intergenerational company groups (EGIV) were significantly better than the control group. Token test score in 8-week intergenerational company (EGIV) were significant higher than that in the control group; while depression in 5-week intergenerational company (EGIII) was significantly lower thatn that in the control group. Based on the research findings, to arrange intergenerational action video game and intergenerational company to enhance elders’ attention, instrumental activities of daily living and decrease depression.

The Ability of Stutterers and Nonstutterers to Initiate and Terminate Phonation during Production of an Isolated Vowel

1976 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 290-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin R. Adams ◽  
Paul Hayden
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Experimental Task ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Pure Tones ◽  
Temporal Measures ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Age And Sex

This study tested the hypothesis that stutterers have difficulty initiating and terminating phonation independent of the acts of running speech and stuttering. Ten young adult stutterers served as the experimental group. They were matched as a group for age and sex with 10 normal speakers. Subjects from both groups were tested individually. The experimental task required that subjects start and stop phonation as quickly as possible upon hearing each member of a series of 1000-Hz pure tones appear and then disappear. Subjects' vocalizations were permanently recorded on an optical oscillograph. Results showed that both groups improved (shortened) their voice initiation and termination times from the beginning to the end of the experiment. Typically, however, the stutterers were significantly slower than the control subjects on most of the temporal measures.

scholarly journals Comparison of Macular Thickness in Patients with Keratoconus and Control Subjects Using the Cirrus HD-OCT

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Brautaset ◽  
R. Rosén ◽  
A. Cerviño ◽  
W. L. Miller ◽  
J. Bergmanson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Signal Strength ◽  
Macular Thickness ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Control ◽  
Scan Pattern ◽  
One Way Anova ◽  
Age And Sex

Purpose.The aim of the present study was to compare macular thickness in patients with keratoconus (KC) with macular thickness in healthy subjects.Subjects and Methods.Twenty-six patients with KC and 52 control subjects were included. The macular structure was evaluated using a Zeiss Cirrus HD-OCT. The scan pattern used was 512 × 128, which covers an area of approximately 6 × 6 mm of the retina. The cube volume was assessed as well as macular thickness in each of the 9 sectors defined by the software.Results.The mean signal strength was significantly lower in the KC group (mean 8.4, range 6–10) compared with the control group (mean 9.7, range 7–10),P<0.0001(unpairedt-test). There were no significant differences in cube volume (unpairedt-test), cube average thickness, or macular thickness between the KC group and the control subjects in any of the retinal locations (one-way ANOVA).Conclusion.Macular structure as measured by OCT in KC subjects should be expected to lie within the range of age and sex matched controls.

Proportional and Functional Analogical Reasoning in Normal and Language-Impaired Children

1988 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 440-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilyn A. Nippold ◽  
Barbara J. Erskine ◽  
Donald B. Freed
Keyword(s):  
Language Impairment ◽  
Specific Language Impairment ◽  
Analogical Reasoning ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Nonverbal Intelligence ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Language Impaired ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
The One ◽  
Impaired Children

Teachers often use analogies in classroom settings to clarify new concepts for their students. However, analogies may inadvertently confuse the youngster who has difficulty identifying the one-to-one comparisons underlying them. Although analogical reasoning has been studied extensively in normal children, no information was available concerning this construct in children having a specific language impairment. Thus, it was unknown to what extent they might be deficient in analogical reasoning. Therefore, in the present study, 20 children ages 6--8 years (mean age = 7:6) having normal nonverbal intelligence but deficits in language comprehension were administered tasks of verbal and perceptual proportional analogical reasoning and a problem-solving task of functional analogical reasoning. Compared to a normal-language control group matched on the basis of chronological age and sex, the language-impaired group was deficient in all three tasks of analogical reasoning. However, when the factor of nonverbal intelligence was controlled statistically, the differences between the groups on each of the tasks were removed. Additional findings were that verbal proportional analogical reasoning was significantly correlated to perceptual proportional analogical reasoning and to functional analogical reasoning. Implications for assessment and intervention with young school-age language-impaired children are discussed.

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