scholarly journals Lipreading in School-Age Children: The Roles of Age, Hearing Status, and Cognitive Ability

2014 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 556-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Tye-Murray ◽  
Sandra Hale ◽  
Brent Spehar ◽  
Joel Myerson ◽  
Mitchell S. Sommers
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Visuospatial Working Memory ◽  
Hearing Status ◽  
Better Than

Purpose The study addressed three research questions: Does lipreading improve between the ages of 7 and 14 years? Does hearing loss affect the development of lipreading? How do individual differences in lipreading relate to other abilities? Method Forty children with normal hearing (NH) and 24 with hearing loss (HL) were tested using 4 lipreading instruments plus measures of perceptual, cognitive, and linguistic abilities. Results For both groups, lipreading performance improved with age on all 4 measures of lipreading, with the HL group performing better than the NH group. Scores from the 4 measures loaded strongly on a single principal component. Only age, hearing status, and visuospatial working memory were significant predictors of lipreading performance. Conclusions Results showed that children's lipreading ability is not fixed but rather improves between 7 and 14 years of age. The finding that children with HL lipread better than those with NH suggests experience plays an important role in the development of this ability. In addition to age and hearing status, visuospatial working memory predicts lipreading performance in children, just as it does in adults. Future research on the developmental time-course of lipreading could permit interventions and pedagogies to be targeted at periods in which improvement is most likely to occur.

Distribution, diversity and potential agronomic value of Medicago polymorpha in Sardinia

1995 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Loi ◽  
C. Porqueddu ◽  
F. Veronesi ◽  
P. S. Cocks
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Medicago Polymorpha ◽  
Winter Temperatures ◽  
Single Entry ◽  
Morphological Variables ◽  
To Come ◽  
Cluster 2 ◽  
Better Than

SUMMARYThirty-five populations of Medicago polymorpha were collected from throughout Sardinia (Italy) in 1989 with a view to developing pasture species suitable for improving degraded grasslands in the northern Mediterranean basin. Herbage and seed production were compared with the Australian cultivar, Circle Valley, over 2 years at Bonassai, north Sardinia. Regeneration in the 2 years after sowing and seed size were also estimated. All variables were related to collection site parameters using multivariate analysis.Herbage production varied between 2 and 8 t dry matter/ha, and up to 1·5 t/ha of seed was produced. K-means clustering of agronomic and morphological variables indicated that there were two groups present; one similar to variety polymorpha and one to variety vulgaris. There were two other single entry clusters, one of which contained cv. Circle Valley. Principal component analysis of the environmental variables indicated that cluster 1 (vulgaris) was more likely to come from mountainous areas where winter temperatures are low, and cluster 2 (polymorpha) from coastal areas where temperatures are mild. Regeneration of cluster 1 was better than that of cluster 2, which in turn was better than Circle Valley, indicating that populations in cluster 1 are better adapted to the management system imposed at Bonassai.The results indicate that M. polymorpha has considerable potential to improve the grasslands of Sardinia. However, it is unlikely that imported cultivars will be successful, and it seems important that the selection of local populations should continue. Commercial seed production in Sardinia is likely to be a problem, and grazing management under the conditions of communal ownership may have to be reviewed. It is important that future research and development involves farmers and other industry groups.

Listening Effort and Fatigue in School-Age Children With and Without Hearing Loss

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 573-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Candace Bourland Hicks ◽  
Anne Marie Tharpe
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Future Research ◽  
School Age ◽  
Listening Effort ◽  
Hearing Results ◽  
Dual Task Paradigm ◽  
Children With Hearing Loss ◽  
Acoustic Conditions

Parents, audiologists, and educators have long speculated that children with hearing loss must expend more effort and, therefore, fatigue more easily than their peers with normal hearing when listening in adverse acoustic conditions. Until now, however, very few studies have been conducted to substantiate these speculations. Two experiments were conducted with school-age children with mild-to-moderate hearing loss and with normal hearing. In the first experiment, salivary cortisol levels and a self-rating measure were used to measure fatigue. Neither cortisol measurements nor self-rated measures of fatigue revealed significant differences between children with hearing loss and their normalhearing peers. In the second experiment, however, a dual-task paradigm used to study listening effort indicated that children with hearing loss expend more effort in listening than children with normal hearing. Results are discussed in terms of clinical application and future research needs.

Why Do You Believe in Pseudoscience or Disbelieve in Science?

2020 ◽  
pp. 116-131
Author(s):  
Yoshimasa Majima
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Diversity ◽  
Irrational Beliefs ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Motivated Reasoning ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Psychological Processes ◽  
Psychological Mechanism

People sometimes hold irrational beliefs even when empirical evidence obviously debunks claims central to beliefs. This chapter reviews empirical studies exploring underlying psychological processes of holding empirically suspect beliefs with a particular focus on belief in pseudoscience. The author explains empirical findings from a dual process view of thinking. Recent studies show individuals with higher analytic tendency exhibit more ideologically polarized reasoning than those with lower analytical tendency. These results suggest a significance of motivated reasoning in order to fully understand the psychological mechanism of everyday beliefs. Future research suggestions emphasize remaining questions, such as a developmental time course of, a cultural diversity of, and evolutional origins and functions of the belief in pseudoscience.

Effect of Hearing Loss on Peer Victimization in School-Age Children

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 280-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea D. Warner-Czyz ◽  
Betty Loy ◽  
Hannah Pourchot ◽  
Trissan White ◽  
Elika Cokely
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
General Population ◽  
Peer Victimization ◽  
Hearing Aids ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Future Research ◽  
School Age ◽  
Crime Victimization ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Children With Hearing Loss

Nearly one third of school-age children report being bullied, primarily enduring teasing or rumors. Children with hearing loss (HL) are at increased risk of victimization due to being “different” from the general population. This project assesses effects of auditory status on bullying by comparing incidence and type of bullying in 87 youth and adolescents with HL (7–18 years) to published national data from peers in the general population. All participants wore auditory technology (i.e., hearing aids or cochlear implants), communicated orally, and participated in mainstream education. Each participant completed the 2009 National Crime Victimization Survey’s School Crime Supplement. Adolescents with HL endured significantly higher incidence of bullying versus the general population (50.0% vs. 28.0%), particularly for exclusion (26.3% vs. 4.7%) and coercion (17.5% vs. 3.6%). Children younger than 12 years with HL report lower rates of bullying (38.7%) than adolescents with HL, but rates did not differ significantly. Future research should explore risk and protective factors for peer victimization in youth and adolescents with HL to reduce long-term consequences on quality of life.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic profiling of human orbital fat and differentiating orbital fibroblasts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Won Kim ◽  
Kamil Taneja ◽  
Thanh Hoang ◽  
Clayton Pio Santiago ◽  
Timothy James McCulley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Orbital Fat ◽  
Orbital Fibroblasts ◽  
Compare Gene Expression

Purpose: Orbital fat hyperplasia has a central role in the manifestations of thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO). To better understand the pathways involved in adipogenesis in TAO, we have used transcriptomic methods to analyze gene expression in control and TAO patients, as well as in differentiating orbital fibroblasts (OFs). Methods: We performed bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) on intraconal orbital fat to compare gene expression in control and TAO patients. We treated cultured OFs derived from TAO patients with media containing dexamethasone, insulin, rosiglitazone, and isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX) to induce adipogenesis. We used single nuclear RNA-Seq (snRNA-Seq) profiling of treated OFs to compare gene expression over time in order to identify pathways that are involved in orbital adipogenesis in vitro and compared the dynamic patterns of gene expression identify differences in gene expression in control and TAO orbital fat. Results: Orbital fat from TAO and control patients segregate with principal component analysis (PCA). Numerous signaling pathways are enriched in orbital fat isolated from TAO patients. SnRNA-Seq of orbital fibroblasts undergoing adipogenesis reveals differential expression of adipocyte-specific genes over the developmental time course. Furthermore, genes that are enriched in TAO orbital fat are also upregulated in orbital adipocytes that differentiate in vitro, while genes that are enriched in control orbital fat are enriched in orbital fibroblasts prior to differentiation. Conclusions: Differentiating orbital fibroblasts serve as a model to study orbital fat hyperplasia seen in TAO. We demonstrate that the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) and Wnt signaling pathways are differentially expressed early in orbital adipogenesis.

An Evidence-Based Systematic Review on the Diagnostic Accuracy of Hearing Screening Instruments for Preschool- and School-Age Children

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beth A. Prieve ◽  
Tracy Schooling ◽  
Rebecca Venediktov ◽  
Nicole Franceschini
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Pure Tone ◽  
Negative Likelihood Ratio ◽  
Response Criteria ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
School Age

Purpose The purpose of this article is to conduct an evidence-based systematic review on the accuracy of pure-tone or otoacoustic emission (OAE) screening for identifying hearing loss in preschool- and school-age children. Method A systematic search of the literature published between 1975 and 2013 was conducted. Articles meeting the selection criteria were critically appraised for quality. Selection criteria required that behavioral thresholds be measured in children failing the screen and in at least a subset of children passing the screen. Sensitivity and specificity were used to calculate positive and negative likelihood ratios that could be compared between instruments. Results Eighteen studies were included in the final analysis. There was considerable variability among studies on stimulus levels, response criteria, and definition of hearing loss. Approximately half of positive and negative likelihood ratio pairs for OAEs (52%) and pure-tone screening (45%) were considered suggestive or informative for identifying hearing loss. Conclusions Both pure-tone and OAE screening can identify hearing loss in preschool- and school-age children. Studies that compared both tools in the same population concluded that pure-tone screening had higher sensitivity than OAE screening and thus was considered the preferred tool. Future research should incorporate standard stimulus levels, response criteria, and definitions of hearing loss.

scholarly journals The time course of face representations during perception and working memory maintenance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gi-Yeul Bae
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Facial Expression ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Face Image ◽  
Short Delay ◽  
Face Identity ◽  
The Face ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
Better Than

Abstract Successful social communication requires accurate perception and maintenance of invariant (face identity) and variant (facial expression) aspects of faces. While numerous studies investigated how face identity and expression information is extracted from faces during perception, less is known about the temporal aspects of the face information during perception and working memory (WM) maintenance. To investigate how face identity and expression information evolve over time, I recorded EEG while participants were performing a face WM task where they remembered a face image and reported either the identity or the expression of the face image after a short delay. Using multivariate ERP decoding analyses, I found that the two types of information exhibited dissociable temporal dynamics: Whereas face identity was decoded better than facial expression during perception, facial expression was decoded better than face identity during WM maintenance. Follow-up analyses suggested that this temporal dissociation was driven by differential maintenance mechanisms: Face identity information was maintained in a more ‘activity-silent’ manner compared to facial expression information, presumably because invariant face information does not need to be actively tracked in the task. Together, these results provide important insights into the temporal evolution of face information during perception and WM maintenance.

scholarly journals Performance of Children With Hearing Loss on an Audiovisual Version of a Nonword Repetition Task

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Al-Salim ◽  
Mary Pat Moeller ◽  
Karla K. McGregor
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Nonword Repetition ◽  
Unilateral Hearing Loss ◽  
Bilateral Hearing Loss ◽  
Hearing Status ◽  
Repetition Task ◽  
Hearing Abilities

Purpose The aims of this study were to (a) determine if a high-quality adaptation of an audiovisual nonword repetition task can be completed by children with wide-ranging hearing abilities and to (b) examine whether performance on that task is sensitive to child demographics, hearing status, language, working memory, and executive function abilities. Method An audiovisual version of a nonword repetition task was adapted and administered to 100 school-aged children grouped by hearing status: 35 with normal hearing, 22 with mild bilateral hearing loss, 17 with unilateral hearing loss, and 26 cochlear implant users. Participants also completed measures of vocabulary, working memory, and executive function. A generalized linear mixed-effects model was used to analyze performance on the nonword repetition task. Results All children were able to complete the nonword repetition task. Children with unilateral hearing loss and children with cochlear implants repeated nonwords with less accuracy than normal-hearing peers. After adjusting for the influence of vocabulary and working memory, main effects were found for syllable length and hearing status, but no interaction effect was observed. Conclusions The audiovisual nonword repetition task captured individual differences in the performance of children with wide-ranging hearing abilities. The task could act as a useful tool to aid in identifying children with unilateral or mild bilateral hearing loss who have language impairments beyond those imposed by the hearing loss.

Working Memory and Auditory Processing in School-Age Children

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beula M. Magimairaj ◽  
Naveen K. Nagaraj
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Auditory Processing Disorder ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
School Age ◽  
Processing Abilities ◽  
New Framework

Purpose Our goal is to present the relationships between working memory (WM) and auditory processing abilities in school-age children. Review and Discussion We begin with an overview of auditory processing, the conceptualization of auditory processing disorder, and the assessment of auditory processing abilities in children. Next, we describe a model of WM and a model of auditory processing followed by their comparison. Evidence for the relationships between WM and auditory processing abilities in school-age children follows. Specifically, we present evidence for the association (or lack thereof) between WM/attention and auditory processing test performance. Clinical Implications In conclusion, we describe a new framework for understanding auditory processing abilities in children based on integrated evidence from cognitive science, hearing science, and language science. We also discuss clinical implications in children that could inform future research.

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