Regression to the Mean in Pretreatment Measures of Stuttering

1981 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gavin Andrews ◽  
Robin Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Spontaneous Remission ◽  
Treatment Evaluation ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Regression To The Mean ◽  
Spontaneous Improvement ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Pre-post treatment evaluation designs are common in stuttering research. Their propriety depends on the assumption that spontaneous remission is not likely. There are six studies to the literature in which stutterers have been measured on two occasions some months apart. In all studies there was a trend to less stuttering on the second assessment, but in no study was the difference between scores significant. One hundred and thirty-two stutterers awaiting treatment were assessed when they were first seen and then at the beginning of treatment 1–23 months later. There was a small but significant improvement between the two assessments. The size of the improvement was comparable to those reported in the six published studies. This spontaneous improvement occurs mainly in the three months following the first assessment, and there is little change thereafter. It is concluded that pre-post studies of subjects who waited more than three months for treatment are valid and that the observed improvement can be due solely to the effects of treatment. Studies that assess improvement from the time subjects are first seen should allow for spontaneous remission to determine the improvement due to treatment.

A modern view of placebo and placebo-related effects

2020 ◽  
pp. 193-243
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Benedetti
Keyword(s):  
Placebo Effect ◽  
Placebo Response ◽  
Spontaneous Remission ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Statistical Regression ◽  
Related Effect ◽  
Regression To The Mean ◽  
Nocebo Effect ◽  
The Mean

This chapter approaches the placebo effect from a modern point of view, namely, as a psychobiological phenomenon worthy of scientific inquiry. By definition, the placebo effect is the effect that follows the administration of an inert treatment (the placebo), whereas in a placebo-related effect no placebo is given but similar mechanisms are at work. Today, the placebo effect, or placebo response, is considered a psychobiological phenomenon that must not be confounded with other phenomena such as spontaneous remission and statistical regression to the mean. The nocebo effect, or nocebo response, is a negative placebo effect which goes in the opposite direction. There is not a single but many placebo effects across different medical conditions and therapeutic interventions, and different biological mechanisms are involved. Expectation of a future outcome plays a central role but learning is important as well.

Is there a genuine placebo effect in acute depression treatments? A reassessment of regression to the mean and spontaneous remission

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P Hengartner
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Outcome ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Placebo Effect ◽  
Acute Treatment ◽  
Placebo Response ◽  
Spontaneous Remission ◽  
Regression To The Mean ◽  
Treatment Trials ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Antidepressant Pharmacotherapy

Regression to the mean and spontaneous improvements are rarely considered in interpretations of treatment trials for acute major depression. Here I suggest that regression to the mean and spontaneous remission may account for most improvements seen in placebo groups and also for a large proportion of variance in the acute treatment outcome of both antidepressant pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. These findings have important implications for the interpretation of active treatments and placebo response in depression trials.

scholarly journals Two-years Biannual Evaluation of Drug-resistant Tuberculosis Patients Completing Their Treatment at Persahabatan General Hospital Jakarta

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-32
Author(s):  
Murniati Murniati ◽  
Diah Handayani ◽  
Fathiyah Isbaniah
Keyword(s):  
General Hospital ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Treatment Evaluation ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Sputum Culture ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Drug Resistant Tuberculosis ◽  
Resistant Tuberculosis ◽  
The Mean

Background: Drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) is a worldwide threat, including in Indonesia, which course of treatments are time consuming and are expensive. Recent findings suggest trends in recurrence of DR-TB, while no data is available to summarize the recurrence of DR-TB in Indonesia. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate DR-TB patients which was biannually performed for two-years (e.g. at the 6th, 12th, 18th, and 24th mos) after treatment completion. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved DR-TB patients completing their treatment at Persahabatan General Hospital Jakarta, Indonesia, between April and December 2017. The post-treatment evaluation during the 6th, 12th, 18th, and 24th mos included clinical, chest x-ray (CXR) and sputum culture examination. Results: Sixty patients were observed in this study, 31 (51.7%) were males and 29 (48.3%) were females. The mean age was 42.3+12.5 yo and the mean body mass index was 21.75+4.34. Fourty nine (81.7%) patients showed extensive lesions per CXR and none of the patient showed Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth per sputum culture. Conclusion: There was no recurrence of DR-TB from patients completing their treatment at Persahabatan General Hospital Jakarta, Indonesia during two-years post-treatment evaluation.

Effect of Endodontic Treatment on Serum Glutathione (GSH) Levels in Patients with Chronic Apical Periodontitis: A Clinical Pilot Study

2020 ◽  
pp. 232020682095823
Author(s):  
Rhythm Bains ◽  
Aseem P. Tikku ◽  
Anil Chandra ◽  
Wahid Ali ◽  
Promila Verma
Keyword(s):  
Venous Blood ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Apical Periodontitis ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Endodontic Treatment ◽  
Female Group ◽  
Oxidative Balance ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Aim: To assess the before- and after-treatment levels of glutathione (GSH) in the serum of patients with chronic apical periodontitis. Materials and Methods: The study involved 20 systemically healthy patients with radiographic evidence of chronic apical periodontitis in at least one tooth, of which 11 were finally assessed. 10 mL of the patient’s venous blood was obtained before commencing the endodontic treatment to assess the pre-operative serum GSH levels (T0). The canals cleaned and shaped, and irrigated with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite, and filled with a calcium hydroxide based intracanal medicament. At the subsequent appointment after one week, teeth were obturated. The patients were recalled 30 days after the completion of endodontic therapy, and blood samples were assessed again at time frame T1 for serum GSH. The difference in pre- and post-treatment values for T0 and T1 was statistically analyzed. Results: The mean age of the subjects ( N = 11) was 21.09±3.24 years, with 19.50±0.71 years in female group and 21.44±3.50 years in the male group. The mean GSH at T0 was 11.73±8.30 units, which was increased to 14.04±13.96 units at T1. However, no significant change was observed in the GSH level from T0 to T1 (change = –2.30, t-value = –0.49, P = .635). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that endodontic therapy may play a role in restoring the systemic oxidative balance, as seen by the increase in post-treatment serum GSH levels.

scholarly journals 217LUTEAL REGRESSION AND FOLLICLE DEVELOPMENT FOLLOWING PROSTAGLANDIN-F2± TREATMENT 3 DAYS AFTER OVULATION IN MARES

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 230
Author(s):  
D.R. Bergfelt ◽  
R.A. Pierson ◽  
O.J. Ginther
Keyword(s):  
Prostaglandin F2α ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Maximum Diameter ◽  
Functional Regression ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Scale Scores ◽  
Luteal Tissue ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

The corpus luteum (CL) is responsive to exogenous prostaglandin-F2α (PGF) 1 to 2 days after ovulation in the mare (Troedsson et al. 2001 Theriogenology 55, 1891–1899); however, complete and sustained demise of the CL beginning less than 5 days after ovulation in response to PGF treatment has not been documented. The present study was designed to compare the morphological and physiological response of the primary CL to PGF given at early diestrus with a more conventional treatment given at about mid-cycle. In addition, follicle status pre- and post-treatment were examined and compared between the treatment groups. On the day of pretreatment ovulation (Day 0), riding-type horse mares were randomly assigned to receive a single dose of PGF (Lutalyse, Upjohn, Kalamazoo, MI, USA;; 10mg/mare, i.m.) on Day 3 (n=17) or Day 10 (n=17). Beginning on either Days 3 or 10, transrectal ultrasonography was used to determine follicle and CL diameters, determine luteal tissue gray-scale scores (echogenicity), and to detect ovulation. Follicular and luteal measurements and jugular blood samples were collected daily until the post-treatment ovulation. Structural and functional regression of the CL was indicated by: 1) a progressive decrease (day effect;; P<0.0001) in mean diameter of the CL beginning 24h after PGF treatment in the Day 3 and Day 10 groups;; 2) a precipitous decrease (P<0.009) in mean plasma progesterone concentrations within 24h in both groups followed by a more gradual decline to basal concentrations by the second day in the Day 10 group or after the fourth day in the Day 3 group;; and 3) an increase (P<0.02) in mean luteal tissue echogenicity in both groups after the second day following PGF treatment. The mean intervals from PGF treatment to ovulation were not different (P>0.2) between groups (combined, 9.9 days) but the mean (±SEM) interovulatory interval was shorter (P<0.0001) in the Day 3 group (13.2±0.9 days;; range, 7 to 20 days) than in the Day 10 group (19.2±0.7 days;; range, 14 to 26 days). The greater the diameter of the largest follicle at the time of PGF treatment, the shorter the interval to post-treatment ovulation in the Day 3 (r=−0.57, P<0.02) and Day 10 (r=−0.74, P<0.001) groups. Growth rates of the preovulatory follicles were similar (P>0.59) between groups (combined, 3.6mm/day) but the maximum diameter was smaller (P<0.05) in the Day 3 group (40.5±1.2mm) compared to the Day 10 group (43.4±0.8mm). Unexpectedly, more (P<0.03) double ovulations occurred in the Day 3 group (6/17, 35%) than in the Day 10 group (1/17, 6%). In conclusion, an immature CL at early diestrus responded to PGF treatment in a manner comparable to a mature CL at mid-cycle. The Day 3 group ovulated an average of 6 days earlier than the Day 10 group as a result of the difference in timing of the PGF treatment between groups. Thus, these results warrant a reassessment of the prevailing concept that the equine CL is resistant to PGF-induced regression before 5 days after ovulation, especially when considering the potential benefits of a shortened interovulatory interval and an increased double ovulation rate.

Phase II prevention trial of celecoxib in women at increased risk for breast cancer

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1501-1501 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Arun ◽  
C. Logan ◽  
G. Yin ◽  
G. Yun ◽  
G. G. Hortobagyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Breast Tissue ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Ki 67 ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Er Expression

1501 Background: Tamoxifen and raloxifen reduce the risk of estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer. Acceptance of SERMs is low due to toxicities. New agents with a better toxicity profile which also will prevent ER-negative breast cancer are needed. The cyclooxygenase II inhibitor celecoxib has antiproliferative, and antiangiogenetic properties and is a putative breast cancer prevention agent. Our objective in this prospective short-term prevention study was to evaluate the effect of celecoxib on biomarkers in breast tissue and serum of high risk women. Methods: High risk individuals with a history of atypical hyperplasia, or lobular carcinoma insitu, or Gail risk greater than 1.67%, or previous history of ER negative breast cancer were eligible. After signing informed consent subjects underwent baseline fine needle aspiration (FNA) of the breast and serum collection for biomarker analysis. Subjects started celecoxib at 400 mg po BID for 6 months and underwent repeat FNA and serum collection. Biomarker endpoints included changes in ER and KI-67 expression in breast tissue analyzed by immunohistochemistry and insulin like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP-1) in serum analyzed by ELISA. The difference in biomarkers before and after treatment was assessed using a Wilcoxon signed rank test. Results: 49 patients were enrolled and accrual has been completed. Median age was 51 years and 57% of women were postmenopausal. The mean pre- and post treatment ER expression was 35.5% and 31%, respectively. The difference in ER expression was not significant (p = 0.1). The mean pre- and post treatment KI-67 expression was 1.68% and 1.60%, respectively. The difference was not significant (p = 0.8). However, there was a statistically significant difference in pre- and post treatment IGFBP-1 levels (p=0.023), with pre-and post treatment levels being 6.81ng/ml and 11.51ng/ml, respectively. No grade 3 or 4 toxicities were observed and there was no drop-out from the study. Conclusions: We have found a significant modulation of IGFBP-1 levels with 6 months celecoxib treatment in women who are at increased risk of developing breast cancer. The acceptable side effect profile and modulation of the biomarker (IGFBP-1) provides support for continued evaluation of celecoxib as a breast cancer prevention agent. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

The Effect of Vocabulary Intervention on Text Comprehension: Who Benefits?

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 562-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawna Duff
Keyword(s):  
Middle School ◽  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Text Comprehension ◽  
Classroom Instruction ◽  
Vocabulary Instruction ◽  
Clinical Intervention ◽  
Vocabulary Knowledge ◽  
Vocabulary Intervention ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Purpose Vocabulary intervention can improve comprehension of texts containing taught words, but it is unclear if all middle school readers get this benefit. This study tests 2 hypotheses about variables that predict response to vocabulary treatment on text comprehension: gains in vocabulary knowledge due to treatment and pretreatment reading comprehension scores. Method Students in Grade 6 ( N = 23) completed a 5-session intervention based on robust vocabulary instruction (RVI). Knowledge of the semantics of taught words was measured pre- and posttreatment. Participants then read 2 matched texts, 1 containing taught words (treated) and 1 not (untreated). Treated texts and taught word lists were counterbalanced across participants. The difference between text comprehension scores in treated and untreated conditions was taken as a measure of the effect of RVI on text comprehension. Results RVI resulted in significant gains in knowledge of taught words ( d RM = 2.26) and text comprehension ( d RM = 0.31). The extent of gains in vocabulary knowledge after vocabulary treatment did not predict the effect of RVI on comprehension of texts. However, untreated reading comprehension scores moderated the effect of the vocabulary treatment on text comprehension: Lower reading comprehension was associated with greater gains in text comprehension. Readers with comprehension scores below the mean experienced large gains in comprehension, but those with average/above average reading comprehension scores did not. Conclusion Vocabulary instruction had a larger effect on text comprehension for readers in Grade 6 who had lower untreated reading comprehension scores. In contrast, the amount that children learned about taught vocabulary did not predict the effect of vocabulary instruction on text comprehension. This has implications for the identification of 6th-grade students who would benefit from classroom instruction or clinical intervention targeting vocabulary knowledge.

Efficacy and Safety of Oral Ivermectin and Topical Permethrin in the Treatment of Scabies

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-47
Author(s):  
Mohsena Akhter ◽  
Ishrat Bhuiyan ◽  
Zulfiqer Hossain Khan ◽  
Mahfuza Akhter ◽  
Gulam Kazem Ali Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Randomized Study ◽  
Sarcoptes Scabiei ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Common Skin ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Group B

Background: Scabies is one of the most common skin diseases in our country. It is caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var hominis, which is an ecto-parasite infesting the epidermis. Scabies is highly contagious. Prevalence is high in congested or densely populated areas. Individuals with close contact with an affected person should be treated with scabicidal which is available in both oral and topical formulations. The only oral but highly effective scabicidal known to date is Ivermectin. Amongst topical preparations, Permethrin 5 % cream is the treatment of choice. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy & safety of oral Ivermectin compared to topical Permethrin in the treatment of scabies. Methodology: This prospective, non-randomized study was conducted at the out-patient department of Dermatology and Venereology of Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College & Hospital over a period of 6 months, from August 2016 to January 2017. The study population consisted of one hundred patients having scabies, enrolled according to inclusion criteria. They were divided into two groups. group A was subjected to oral Ivermectin and the group B to Permethrin 5% cream. Patients were followed up on day 7 and 14 for assessment of efficacy and safety. Result: The mean scoring with SD in group A (Ivermectin) and group B (Permethrin) were 8.26 ± 2.22 and 7.59 ± 2.01 respectively at the time of observation. The difference between the mean score of the two group is not significant (p=0.117) the mean scoring with SD in group A and group B were 4.54 ± 2.05 and 1.64 ± 1.84 respectively at 7thdays. The difference between the mean score of the two group is significant (p<0.001). The mean scoring with SD in group A and group B were 2.68± 2.35 and .36± 1.10 respectively at 14th day difference between the mean score of the group is significant (p<0.001). Conclusion: Topical application of permethrin 5% cream is more effective and safer than oral Ivermectin in the treatment of scabies. TAJ 2020; 33(1): 41-47

EFFECTS OF SYNTHETIC LH/FSH-RELEASING HORMONE (LRH) ON PLASMA LH AND FSH IN AMENORRHOEIC WOMEN

1974 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 647-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Rannevik ◽  
J. Thorell
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Initial Response ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Serial Measurements

ABSTRACT Eight amenorrhoeic women were given 100 μg synthetic LRH (Hoechst) iv and im, respectively, at an interval of 2 weeks. Four of the women received the iv injection first and four the im injection. The urinary excretion of oestrogens and pregnanediol was low and unaltered throughout the test weeks. The effects of LRH were compared by serial measurements of the plasma LH and FSH during 8 h. The initial response of LH for up to 25 min and that of FSH for up to 60 min were equal whether LRH was given iv or im. The difference appeared later. Four hours after the injection the mean increase of LH to iv injection was 0.5 ng/ml (N. S.), while that to im injection was 1.9 ng/ml (P < 0.01). The corresponding values for FSH were 1.3 (P < 0.05) and 3.2 (P < 0.001). The effect of LRH administration im was thus found to be larger and more prolonged.

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