Clinical Assessment of Oropharyngeal Motor Development in Young Children

1987 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
JoAnne Robbins ◽  
Thomas Klee
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Application ◽  
Clinical Assessment ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Vocal Tract ◽  
Developmental Change ◽  
Clinical Protocol ◽  
Motor Functioning ◽  
Motor Abilities ◽  
Speech Motor

A clinical protocol was developed for the purpose of assessing the oral and speech motor abilities of children. An 86-item test was administered to 90 normally developing children aged 2:6–6:11. Evaluations of the structural integrity of the vocal tract did not show developmental change, although evaluations of oral and speech motor functioning changed significantly with age. The functional portion of the protocol was most sensitive to developmental change up to age 3:6, with an asymptote in performance thereafter. Clinical application of the protocol is discussed.

Physiologic Studies Provide New Perspectives on Early Speech Development

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
Erin M. Wilson ◽  
Ignatius S. B. Nip
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Motion Tracking ◽  
Speech Development ◽  
Speech Motor Control ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Facial Motion ◽  
Disordered Speech ◽  
Speech Motor ◽  
Physiologic Data

Abstract Although certain speech development milestones are readily observable, the developmental course of speech motor control is largely unknown. However, recent advances in facial motion tracking systems have been used to investigate articulator movements in children and the findings from these studies are being used to further our understanding of the physiologic basis of typical and disordered speech development. Physiologic work has revealed that the emergence of speech is highly dependent on the lack of flexibility in the early oromotor system. It also has been determined that the progression of speech motor development is non-linear, a finding that has motivated researchers to investigate how variables such as oromotor control, cognition, and linguistic factors affect speech development in the form of catalysts and constraints. Physiologic data are also being used to determine if non-speech oromotor behaviors play a role in the development of speech. This improved understanding of the physiology underlying speech, as well as the factors influencing its progression, helps inform our understanding of speech motor control in children with disordered speech and provide a framework for theory-driven therapeutic approaches to treatment.

Speech Motor Development During Acquisition of the Voicing Contrast

2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 739-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria I. Grigos ◽  
John H. Saxman ◽  
Andrew M. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Motor Development ◽  
Voicing Contrast ◽  
Speech Motor

Intellectual Development After Severe Malnutrition in Infancy

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 306-311
Author(s):  
John D. Lloyd-Still ◽  
Irving Hurwitz ◽  
Peter H. Wolff ◽  
Harry Shwachman
Keyword(s):  
Motor Development ◽  
Intellectual Development ◽  
Social Adaptation ◽  
Severe Malnutrition ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Intellectual Performance ◽  
Social Maturity ◽  
Motor Abilities ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Malnourished Group

Intellectual performance, sensory motor abilities and social adaptation were studied in 41 subjects (2 to 21 years of age) who had severe malnutrition in infancy. A control group consisted of 41 siblings. The mean IQ of 31 parents was 108 (S.D. $$Word$$ 11.3). Socioeconomic deprivation was not present. The results of the Merrill-Palmer test for the malnourished group and the controls revealed significant differences in favor of the controls. No differences were found in the older population for whom the WISC and WAIS were used. The Lincoln-Oseretsky test of motor development and the Vineland scale of social maturity showed no significant differences. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that malnutrition in infancy can affect intellectual development in the first five years of life. Beyond this age, given adequate socioeconomic support, no significant differencces were observed.

Can the Developmental Lag in Motor Abilities of Deaf Children Be Partly Attributed to Localization Problems?

1992 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-352
Author(s):  
Geert J.P. Savelsbergh ◽  
J. Bernard Netelenbos
Keyword(s):  
Motor Development ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Deaf Children ◽  
Visual Localization ◽  
Auditory Information ◽  
Motor Abilities

Spatial information for the execution of motor behavior is acquired by orienting eye and head movements. This information can be found in our direct field of view as well as outside this field. Auditory information is especially helpful in directing our attention to information outside our initial visual field of view. Two topics on the effect of an auditory loss are discussed. Experimental evidence is provided which shows that deaf children have problems in orienting to visual stimuli situated outside their field of view. An overview is given from several studies in which the eye and head movements of deaf children are analyzed. Second, it is suggested that specific visual localization problems are partly responsible for deaf children’s characteristic lag in motor development. The latter is illustrated in two studies involving the gross motor task of ball catching.

Clinical Applications of Recent Advances in Phonological Theory

1992 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard G. Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Assessment ◽  
Developmental Change ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Behavioral Theory ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Lexical Phonology

Historically, the behavioral theory of articulation that was applied to clinical assessment was consistent with the behavioral theory of developmental change that was applied to intervention. However, more recent applications of cognitively oriented linguistic theories have not been accompanied by novel intervention approaches. This article reviews some recent advances in phonological theories, including autosegmental, metrical, and lexical phonology, and their potential applications. A new theory of developmental change that also is cognitive in its orientation is presented, along with some preliminary suggestions for clinical applications.

scholarly journals Strabismus surgery in Angelman syndrome: More than ocular alignment

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. e0242366
Author(s):  
Paola Michieletto ◽  
Stefano Pensiero ◽  
Laura Diplotti ◽  
Luca Ronfani ◽  
Manuela Giangreco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Skills ◽  
Angelman Syndrome ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Strabismus Surgery ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Deviation Angle ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Motor Abilities

Purpose To report and evaluate strabismus surgery in children with Angelman syndrome, in order to optimize and standardize surgical approach. Other purposes are to understand the possible relation between ocular findings and motor ability, and between improvement in ocular alignment and changes in motor skills in this population. Design Observational cross-sectional study. Methods Medical records of pediatric patients with Angelman syndrome, who underwent strabismus surgery, were investigated. Collected data included: genotype, gender, age at the time of surgery, refractive error, pre-operative strabismus, surgical procedure, surgical outcome, gross and fine motor development assessment pre- and post-operatively. Results Seventeen subjects, aged 3–15 years, were investigated. Fourteen patients were exotropic, three esotropic. Most patients presented astigmatism. Considering the exaggerated response to standard amounts of surgery and the risk of consecutive strabismus on long term follow-up reported by previous studies in children with developmental delay, a reduction of the amount of strabismus surgery was applied. Post-operatively, all patients presented with a significative reduction of the baseline deviation angle, with all esotropic patients and 7 exotropic patients (59%) achieving orthotropia. The surgical outcomes were variable according to the type and the amount of baseline strabismus, but no case presented with exaggerated surgical response. At baseline, patients showed important delays in all motor abilities, and, post-operatively, presented a significant improvement in walking and fine motor tasks. Pre- and post-operative motor abilities were negatively correlated to astigmatism, anisometropia, and amount of deviation. Conclusions According to our data, the standard nomograms for strabismus surgery may be successfully applied in subjects with Angelman syndrome and exotropia. Our data suggest that the reduction of the deviation angle improves motor skills in strabismic pediatric patients with Angelman syndrome.

Motor Development Research: Designs, Analyses, and Future Directions

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 410-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Getchell ◽  
Nadja Schott ◽  
Ali Brian
Keyword(s):  
Motor Development ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Developmental Change ◽  
Development Research ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Experimental Approaches ◽  
Human Motor ◽  
Alternative Research

Throughout this special issue, different authors have discussed diverse aspects of past, present, and future motor development research. In such research, understanding how people move involves much more than studying motor behavior in individuals of different ages. Rather, empirical designs should embed some element of past, present, and future motor behavior into research questions, designs, methodologies, and interpretations. In this article, we provide an overview on the process of asking movement-related developmental questions and designing appropriate research studies that will answer them to provide a foundation for both new and returning investigators interested in studying human motor development. We compare descriptive and experimental approaches as well as longitudinal, cross-sectional, and alternative research designs, followed by a discussion of common statistical analyses suited for these designs. Through this discussion, we offer suggestions for the most appropriate ways in which to study developmental change. We finish with our thoughts on future directions for investigational methods within motor development research.

Motor Speech Disorders

2019 ◽  
pp. 448-471
Author(s):  
Wolfram Ziegler ◽  
Theresa Schölderle ◽  
Ingrid Aichert ◽  
Anja Staiger
Keyword(s):  
Vocal Communication ◽  
Vocal Tract ◽  
Speech Disorders ◽  
Motor Impairments ◽  
Motor Speech ◽  
Motor Speech Disorders ◽  
Motor Network ◽  
Neurologic Disorders ◽  
Symptom Patterns ◽  
Speech Motor

This chapter reviews speech motor impairments resulting from neurologic disorders, that is, dysarthria and apraxia of speech. The architecture of the brain’s speech motor network is used as a framework to describe the symptom patterns of the most relevant syndromes and their underlying pathomechanisms, with a focus on some of the more controversial issues. The chapter’s final section discusses whether speech motor impairments should be understood as domain-general dysfunctions of respiratory, laryngeal, and vocal tract movements, or as disorders of a motor system specialized for vocal communication.

scholarly journals Development of a novel hybrid bioactive hydrogel for future clinical applications

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lydia Francis ◽  
Karin V Greco ◽  
Aldo R Boccaccini ◽  
Judith J Roether ◽  
Nicholas R English ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Application ◽  
Cellular Proliferation ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
Cartilage Tissue ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Control Tissue ◽  
Acellular Tissue

Three-dimensional hydrogels are ideal for tissue engineering applications due to their structural integrity and similarity to native soft tissues; however, they can lack mechanical stability. Our objective was to develop a bioactive and mechanically stable hydrogel for clinical application. Auricular cartilage was decellularised using a combination of hypertonic and hypotonic solutions with and without enzymes to produce acellular tissue. Methacryloyl groups were crosslinked with alginate and PVA main chains via 2-aminoethylmathacrylate and the entire macromonomer further crosslinked with the acellular tissue. The resultant hydrogels were characterised for its physicochemical properties (using NMR), in vitro degradation (via GPC analysis), mechanical stability (compression tests) and in vitro biocompatibility (co-culture with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells). Following decellularisation, the cartilage tissue showed to be acellular at a significant level (DNA content 25.33 ng/mg vs. 351.46 ng/mg control tissue), with good structural and molecular integrity of the retained extra cellular matrix (s-GAG= 0.19 μg/mg vs. 0.65 μg/mg ±0.001 control tissue). Proteomic analysis showed that collagen subtypes and proteoglycans were retained, and SEM and TEM showed preserved matrix ultra-structure. The hybrid hydrogel was successfully cross-linked with biological and polymer components, and it was stable for 30 days in simulated body fluid (poly dispersal index for alginate with tissue was stable at 1.08 and for PVA with tissue was stable at 1.16). It was also mechanically stable (Young’s modulus of 0.46 ± 0.31 KPa) and biocompatible, as it was able to support the development of a multi-cellular feature with active cellular proliferation in vitro. We have shown that it is possible to successfully combine biological tissue with both a synthetic and natural polymer and create a hybrid bioactive hydrogel for clinical application.

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