Reaction Time for Pediatric Audiometry

A substantial part of reaction time (RT), the time elapsed between presentation of a stimulus and the subject’s response, reflects a central delay during which the brain processes the input and elaborates a response. Low stimulus intensity, inefficient central processing, and lack of motivation are among factors which prolong RT. RT was readily measured in 34 children, age 5½ and older, attending a school for the deaf. Rapid responses to light and light plus sound, and all responses to sound alone were rewarded. Four of twelve children initially unresponsive to sound learned to respond. When sound was attenuated, plots of RT gave information on the efficiency of responses to suprathreshold stimuli and warned that threshold was approaching 5–10 dB before it was reached. Such curves would increase the face validity of clinical audiometric threshold estimates. In severely deaf children, somatosensory stimulation by 500-Hz tones yielded RT curves and thresholds which were very similar to those obtained with aural presentation of the sound, casting doubt on the auditory origin of residual hearing in the low frequency range. Somatosensory stimulation by 1000- and 2000-Hz tones was rare.

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Two Experiments in Visual and Auditory Reaction Time in Children at a School for the Deaf

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1964.19.3.971 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 971-981 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Louis D. Costa ◽

Isabelle Rapin ◽

Irwin J. Mandel

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

White Noise ◽

Positive Reinforcement ◽

Communication Disorders ◽

Auditory Stimuli ◽

Rapid Responses ◽

Paired Stimulation ◽

Auditory Reaction Time ◽

School For The Deaf

In an experiment testing RT to visual, auditory, and paired visual and auditory stimuli, 28 normal Ss showed more rapid responses to paired stimulation than to stimulation in either modality alone. A group of 30 children with communication disorders at a school for the deaf failed to respond more rapidly to paired stimulation. Positive reinforcement improved RT in both groups. In a second experiment, threshold of response to white noise was approximated by an RT technique with control and selected clinical Ss.

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Evaluation of Special Hearing Aids for Deaf Children

Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders ◽

10.1044/jshd.3604.527 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 36 (4) ◽

pp. 527-537 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Norman P. Erber

Keyword(s):

Hearing Aids ◽

High Frequency ◽

Hearing Aid ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Acoustic Stimulation ◽

Deaf Children ◽

Frequency Range ◽

Frequency Limit ◽

Unpublished Studies ◽

Published Research

Two types of special hearing aid have been developed recently to improve the reception of speech by profoundly deaf children. In a different way, each special system provides greater low-frequency acoustic stimulation to deaf ears than does a conventional hearing aid. One of the devices extends the low-frequency limit of amplification; the other shifts high-frequency energy to a lower frequency range. In general, previous evaluations of these special hearing aids have obtained inconsistent or inconclusive results. This paper reviews most of the published research on the use of special hearing aids by deaf children, summarizes several unpublished studies, and suggests a set of guidelines for future evaluations of special and conventional amplification systems.

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Evaluation of the Modified Naranjo Criteria for Assessing Causal Attribution of Clinical Outcome to Homeopathic Intervention as Presented in Case Reports

Homeopathy ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1701251 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 109 (04) ◽

pp. 191-197

Author(s):

Chetna Deep Lamba ◽

Vishwa Kumar Gupta ◽

Robbert van Haselen ◽

Lex Rutten ◽

Nidhi Mahajan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Outcome ◽

Causal Relationship ◽

Clinical Case ◽

Assessment Tool ◽

Causal Attribution ◽

Case Reports ◽

Face Validity ◽

Rater Agreement ◽

The Face ◽

Selection Of

Abstract Objectives The objective of this study was to establish the reliability and content validity of the “Modified Naranjo Criteria for Homeopathy—Causal Attribution Inventory” as a tool for attributing a causal relationship between the homeopathic intervention and outcome in clinical case reports. Methods Purposive sampling was adopted for the selection of information-rich case reports using pre-defined criteria. Eligible case reports had to fulfil a minimum of nine items of the CARE Clinical Case Reporting Guideline checklist and a minimum of three of the homeopathic HOM-CASE CARE extension items. The Modified Naranjo Criteria for Homeopathy Inventory consists of 10 domains. Inter-rater agreement in the scoring of these domains was determined by calculating the percentage agreement and kappa (κ) values. A κ greater than 0.4, indicating fair agreement between raters, in conjunction with the absence of concerns regarding the face validity, was taken to indicate the validity of a given domain. Each domain was assessed by four raters for the selected case reports. Results Sixty case reports met the inclusion criteria. Inter-rater agreement/concordance per domain was “perfect” for domains 1 (100%, κ = 1.00) and 2 (100%, κ = 1.00); “almost perfect” for domain 8 (97.5%, κ = 0.86); “substantial” for domains 3 (96.7%, κ = 0.80) and 5 (91.1%, κ = 0.70); “moderate” for domains 4 (83.3%, κ = 0.60), 7 (67.8%, κ = 0.46) and 9 (99.2%, κ = 0.50); and “fair” for domain 10 (56.1%, κ = 0.38). For domains 6A (46.7%, κ = 0.03) and 6B (50.3%, κ = 0.18), there was “slight agreement” only. Thus, the validity of the Modified Naranjo Criteria for Homeopathy tool was established for each of its domains, except for the two that pertain to direction of cure (domains 6A and 6B). Conclusion The Modified Naranjo Criteria for Homeopathy—Causal Attribution Inventory was identified as a valid tool for assessing the likelihood of a causal relationship between a homeopathic intervention and clinical outcome. Improved wordings for several criteria have been proposed for the assessment tool, under the new acronym “MONARCH”. Further assessment of two MONARCH domains is required.

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An investigation of the face validity of a food intake questionnaire: lessons for dietary advice

Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics ◽

10.1046/j.1365-277x.1999.00174.x ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 307-316 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

B. Johnson ◽

A. F. Hackett ◽

A. Bibby ◽

J. Cross

Keyword(s):

Food Intake ◽

Face Validity ◽

Dietary Advice ◽

The Face

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Effect of Complexity of the Second Response on Reaction Time to the First Response in the Psychological Refractory Period Paradigm

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1987.64.3c.1075 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 64 (3_suppl) ◽

pp. 1075-1080 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Craig J. Chamberlin

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Refractory Period ◽

Psychological Refractory Period ◽

Parallel Model ◽

Relative Complexity ◽

Central Processing ◽

Psychological Refractory Period Paradigm ◽

First Response ◽

Grouping Effect ◽

Flexible Model

An attempt to distinguish serial from parallel models of central processing was made by manipulating the relative complexity of R2 and observing the effect of this manipulation on RT1 in the Psychological Refractory Period paradigm. 14 subjects performed under two conditions, either a simple or complex R2. Experimental controls were used to prevent a possible grouping effect of responses. The results did not support a parallel model of central processing but did support a serial view. Implications of results, combined with previous findings, for a more flexible model of central processing were discussed.

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Pictorial Scale of Physical Self-Concept for Younger Children (P-PSC-C): A Feasibility Study

Journal of Motor Learning and Development ◽

10.1123/jmld.2016-0088 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (s2) ◽

pp. S391-S402 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Maike Tietjens ◽

Dennis Dreiskaemper ◽

Till Utesch ◽

Nadja Schott ◽

Lisa M. Barnett ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Fitness ◽

Motor Development ◽

Kindergarten Children ◽

Face Validity ◽

Self Concept ◽

Self Perception ◽

Gross Motor Development ◽

The Face ◽

Age Appropriate ◽

The One

Children’s self-perception of motor skills and physical fitness is said to be an important mediator between skills and physical fitness on the one hand and physical activity on the other hand. An age-appropriate self-perception scale is needed to understand the development and the differentiation of the physical self-concept of children and its components. Therefore, the objectives of this study were (1) to develop a pictorial scale of physical fitness for pre-school children (3–6 years old), and (2) to describe the face validity and feasibility of the scale. The study sample included 27 kindergarten children. In order to determine the psychometric properties, validity was assessed by administrating the Pictorial Scale for Physical Self-Concept in Kindergarten Children (P-PSC-C) compared with children’s fundamental movement skill competency (Test of Gross Motor Development [TGMD]-3; six locomotor and seven object-control skills), height, weight, and demographics. The face validity was favorable. Expectable negatively skewed response distributions were found in all items. Medium correlations with related constructs and with sport enjoyment were found. The results indicate that the new scale is usable for kindergarten children. Future validation studies are needed so that the new scale can contribute to the research about physical self-concept development in kindergarten children.

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Deaf Children’s Concept Formation in Mathematics

Journal of Cognitive Education and Psychology ◽

10.1891/194589505787382685 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 375-376

Author(s):

Elsa Foisack

Keyword(s):

Sign Language ◽

Concept Formation ◽

Concept Maps ◽

Deaf Children ◽

Large Variability ◽

Self Confidence ◽

Video Recordings ◽

Time To Learn ◽

School For The Deaf ◽

Bilingual School

The question of why deaf children have difficulties in learning mathematics is the basis of this study. The aim of the study is to illuminate deaf children’s concept formation in mathematics by describing how some deaf children express themselves and act on their way towards understanding two basic concepts: the concept of multiplication with whole numbers and the concept of length.Theories developed by Feuerstein are used in order to describe how deaf children develop concepts, and to investigate possibilities to help deaf children develop their cognitive potential in a more effective and adequate way. Concept maps illustrate steps and pathways taken by the pupils. The importance of language in concept formation, with focus on sign language is illuminated.The children in this study were pupils in a School for the Deaf, a bilingual school with the languages Swedish Sign Language and Swedish. Seven 11-year-old pupils, all the pupils in one group in grade 4, were studied. Video recordings were made of pupil-teacher interactions in problem solving situations in sign language only, with paper and pencil, with learning materials, and with real things.A large variability in the pupils’ ability to solve the problems was found depending on different factors identified by Feuerstein, e.g., self-confidence, looking for meaning, search of challenge, intention to finish the work, and use of known facts. No difference was found concerning the steps towards comprehension of the concepts for the deaf pupils in the study compared to those of hearing pupils. In accordance with earlier studies, it was found that the deaf pupils needed more time to learn mathematics than hearing pupils normally do. As a consequence, they may learn certain concepts at a later age, and the pathways towards comprehension may vary compared to those of hearing pupils. The structure of sign language and the lack of an established terminology in mathematics are also of importance.The bilingual situation for deaf pupils is a reason for developing methods of teaching mathematics to deaf pupils alternative to methods used today.

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Spanish Version of the System Usability Scale for the Assessment of Electronic Tools: Development and Validation

JMIR Human Factors ◽

10.2196/21161 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. e21161

Author(s):

Magdalena Del Rocio Sevilla-Gonzalez ◽

Lizbeth Moreno Loaeza ◽

Laura Sofia Lazaro-Carrera ◽

Brigette Bourguet Ramirez ◽

Anabel Vázquez Rodríguez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mobile App ◽

Spanish Version ◽

Face Validity ◽

Electronic Systems ◽

Validity Index ◽

Clinical Counseling ◽

System Usability Scale ◽

System Usability ◽

The Face ◽

Development And Validation

Background The System Usability Scale (SUS) is a common metric used to assess the usability of a system, and it was initially developed in English. The implementation of electronic systems for clinical counseling (eHealth and mobile health) is increasing worldwide. Therefore, tools are needed to evaluate these applications in the languages and regional contexts in which the electronic tools are developed. Objective This study aims to translate, culturally adapt, and validate the original English version of the SUS into a Spanish version. Methods The translation process included forward and backward translation. Forward translations were made by 2 native Spanish speakers who spoke English as their second language, and a backward translation was made by a native English speaker. The Spanish SUS questionnaire was validated by 10 experts in mobile app development. The face validity of the questionnaire was tested with 10 mobile phone users, and the reliability testing was conducted among 88 electronic application users. Results The content validity index of the new Spanish SUS was good, as indicated by a rating of 0.92 for the relevance of the items. The questionnaire was easy to understand, based on a face validity index of 0.94. The Cronbach α was .812 (95% CI 0.748-0.866; P<.001). Conclusions The new Spanish SUS questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool to assess the usability of electronic tools among Spanish-speaking users.

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Effect of Physical Exhaustion on Cognitive Functioning

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1997.84.1.291 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 84 (1) ◽

pp. 291-298 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Y-A. Féry ◽

A. Ferry ◽

A. Vom Hofe ◽

M. Rieu

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Short Term Memory ◽

Strenuous Exercise ◽

Decision Task ◽

Short Term ◽

Physical Effort ◽

Difficult Decision ◽

Central Processing ◽

Processing Resources

Experiments utilizing reaction time to measure the effects of fatigue on cognition must discern sensitivity of peripheral and central processing to strenuous exercise. The additive factors method enables one to stipulate that if fatigue interacts with subjects' reaction time in a decision task, central processing is affected by fatigue. While pedaling at different intensities, 13 physically-fit men had to perform a series of short-term memory tests. The tests were executed during a constant workload session and a progressive workload session in which subjects pedaled until exhaustion. Subjects provided ratings on Borg's 1970 scale to measure the psychological effects of the physical effort such as perceived exertion. Allocation of processing resources was also measured to determine attentional constraints exerted by the dual-task situation. Analysis showed that decision reaction time was affected only during the exhausting bout of the progressive workload session and for the more difficult decision task. We discuss our results in the context of arousal and the allocation of processing resources.

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