Consonant Confusions Associated with Hearing Loss above 2000 Hz

A 100-item test for the identification of phonemes was presented to two groups of listeners. One group consisted of 35 patients with normal hearing up to 2000 Hz accompanied by a high-tone loss. The other group consisted of persons with normal hearing who heard the speech stimuli presented through a low-pass filter with a cutoff at 2040 Hz. There were no significant differences between the two groups in overall scores, in probabilities of error for individual phonemes, or in the kinds of error substitutions made. Findings were as follows: (1) the overall scores indicated difficulty in phonemic identification; (2) the phonemes contributing to this difficulty were primarily /b, p, t, k, s, θ/ in both the initial and final positions, /t∫, ∫, f, dƷ, z, v/ in the final position only, and /d/ in the initial position only; and (3) the phonemes substituted for the stimulus phonemes in the initial position were the same in manner of articulation as the stimulus phoneme, and typically only one confusion occurred per stimulus phoneme. The phonemes substituted for the stimulus phonemes in the final position were not necessarily the same in manner of articulation as the stimulus phoneme, and more than one confusion generally occurred for each stimulus phoneme.

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A Novel Image Restoration Method based on Iterative Algorithm

International Journal of Circuits, Systems and Signal Processing ◽

10.46300/9106.2021.15.57 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 ◽

pp. 519-524

Author(s):

Saiyan Wu ◽

Hui Yang

Keyword(s):

Iterative Algorithm ◽

Blind Deconvolution ◽

Convergence Result ◽

The Other ◽

Pass Filter ◽

Low Pass Filter ◽

Blind Image Deblurring ◽

Low Pass ◽

Blind Restoration ◽

Restoration Method

In the paper, we proposed a new iterative algorithm and use a entirely new iterative factor. Firstly, we adopt the Exp function in the iterative factor, because we want each iterative result preserves the nonnegative constraint; Secondly, we make the iterative factor in a reciprocal form ,this way can produce two advantages, one is we can get a more stable and continuous results after each iteration; the other is we can achieve this algorithm in hardware more convenient. Thirdly, we add a low-pass filter and the edge of the scale in the iterative factor, this way we can get a better result, the image SNR is higher and the MSE is lower. Meanwhile for the image sequence, we adopt the two-step iterative algorithm. The result shows the algorithm own the faster convergence speed and the better convergence result. Different from the other algorithm for blind restoration, although we should select the parameter in the starting of the algorithm, the algorithm doesn’t sensitive for the parameter. So the algorithm possesses very strong adaptability for the blind image deblurring. So a novel algorithm based on an iterative and nonnegative algorithm was proposed to perform blind deconvolution.

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Temporal Processing Across Multiple Topographic Maps in the Electrosensory System

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.90300.2008 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 100 (2) ◽

pp. 852-867 ◽

Cited By ~ 69

Author(s):

Rüdiger Krahe ◽

Joseph Bastian ◽

Maurice J. Chacron

Keyword(s):

Frequency Tuning ◽

Phase Locking ◽

The Body ◽

The Other ◽

Stimulus Class ◽

Cellular Mechanisms ◽

Pass Filter ◽

Low Pass Filter ◽

Sensory Stimuli ◽

Low Pass

Multiple topographic representations of sensory space are common in the nervous system and presumably allow organisms to separately process particular features of incoming sensory stimuli that vary widely in their attributes. We compared the response properties of sensory neurons within three maps of the body surface that are arranged strictly in parallel to two classes of stimuli that mimic prey and conspecifics, respectively. We used information-theoretic approaches and measures of phase locking to quantify neuronal responses. Our results show that frequency tuning in one of the three maps does not depend on stimulus class. This map acts as a low-pass filter under both conditions. A previously described stimulus-class-dependent switch in frequency tuning is shown to occur in the other two maps. Only a fraction of the information encoded by all neurons could be recovered through a linear decoder. Particularly striking were low-pass neurons the information of which in the high-frequency range could not be decoded linearly. We then explored whether intrinsic cellular mechanisms could partially account for the differences in frequency tuning across maps. Injection of a Ca2+ chelator had no effect in the map with low-pass characteristics. However, injection of the same Ca2+ chelator in the other two maps switched the tuning of neurons from band-pass/high-pass to low-pass. These results show that Ca2+-dependent processes play an important part in determining the functional roles of different sensory maps and thus shed light on the evolution of this important feature of the vertebrate brain.

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Effects of Low-Pass Filtering on the Perception of Word-Final Plurality Markers in Children and Adults With Normal Hearing

American Journal of Audiology ◽

10.1044/2014_aja-14-0003 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 351-358 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Lori J. Leibold ◽

Hannah Hodson ◽

Ryan W. McCreery ◽

Lauren Calandruccio ◽

Emily Buss

Keyword(s):

High Frequency ◽

Normal Hearing ◽

Choice Task ◽

Pass Filter ◽

Low Pass Filter ◽

Cutoff Frequencies ◽

Low Pass ◽

Forced Choice Task ◽

The University ◽

Age Range

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of low-pass filtering on the detection of word-final /s/ and /z/ for children and adults with normal hearing. Method Stimuli were nouns from the University of Western Ontario Plurals Test (Glista & Scollie, 2012), low-pass filtered with 5 different cutoff frequencies: 8000 Hz, 5000 Hz, 4000 Hz, 3000 Hz, and 2000 Hz. Listeners were children (age range = 7–13 years) and adults with normal hearing. The task was a 2-alternative forced-choice task with a picture-pointing response. Results Performance was worse for lower than for higher low-pass filter cutoff frequencies, but the effect of low-pass filtering was similar for children and adults. Nearly all listeners achieved 100% correct performance when stimuli were low-pass filtered with cutoff frequencies of 8000 Hz or 5000 Hz. Performance remained well above chance even for the most severe filtering condition (2000 Hz). Restricting high-frequency audibility influenced performance for plural items to a greater extent than for singular items. Conclusion The results indicate that children and adults with normal hearing can use acoustic information below the spectral range of frication noise typically associated with /s/ and /z/ to discriminate between singular and plural forms of nouns in the context of the University of Western Ontario Plurals Test.

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Improvement of Statistical Performance of Ordinal Multiscale Entropy Techniques Using Refined Composite Downsampling Permutation Entropy

Entropy ◽

10.3390/e23010030 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 30

Author(s):

Antonio Dávalos ◽

Meryem Jabloun ◽

Philippe Ravier ◽

Olivier Buttelli

Keyword(s):

Theoretical Perspective ◽

Original Method ◽

The Other ◽

Multiscale Entropy ◽

Permutation Entropy ◽

Pass Filter ◽

Low Pass Filter ◽

Theoretical Predictions ◽

Low Pass ◽

The Difference

Multiscale Permutation Entropy (MPE) analysis is a powerful ordinal tool in the measurement of information content of time series. MPE refinements, such as Composite MPE (cMPE) and Refined Composite MPE (rcMPE), greatly increase the precision of the entropy estimation by modifying the original method. Nonetheless, these techniques have only been proposed as algorithms, and are yet to be described from the theoretical perspective. Therefore, the purpose of this article is two-fold. First, we develop the statistical theory behind cMPE and rcMPE. Second, we propose an alternative method, Refined Composite Downsampling Permutation Entropy (rcDPE) to further increase the entropy estimation’s precision. Although cMPE and rcMPE outperform MPE when applied on uncorrelated noise, the results are higher than our predictions due to inherent redundancies found in the composite algorithms. The rcDPE method, on the other hand, not only conforms to our theoretical predictions, but also greatly improves over the other methods, showing the smallest bias and variance. By using MPE, rcMPE and rcDPE to classify faults in bearing vibration signals, rcDPE outperforms the multiscaling methods, enhancing the difference between faulty and non-faulty signals, provided we apply a proper anti-aliasing low-pass filter at each time scale.

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