scholarly journals The Physiologic Development of Speech Motor Control

2000 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 239-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan R. Green ◽  
Christopher A. Moore ◽  
Masahiko Higashikawa ◽  
Roger W. Steeve
Keyword(s):  
Motor Development ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Speech Motor Control ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Potential Influence ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Articulatory Movement ◽  
Movement Tracking ◽  
Speech Motor

This investigation was designed to describe the development of lip and jaw coordination during speech and to evaluate the potential influence of speech motor development on phonologic development. Productions of syllables containing bilabial consonants were observed from speakers in four age groups (i.e., 1-year-olds, 2-year-olds, 6-year-olds, and young adults). A video-based movement tracking system was used to transduce movement of the upper lip, lower lip, and jaw. The coordinative organization of these articulatory gestures was shown to change dramatically during the first several years of life and to continue to undergo refinement past age 6. The present results are consistent with three primary phases in the development of lip and jaw coordination for speech: integration, differentiation, and refinement. Each of these developmental processes entails the existence of distinct coordinative constraints on early articulatory movement. It is suggested that these constraints will have predictable consequences for the sequence of phonologic development.

Articulatory Movements in Adolescents

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1119-1133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bridget Walsh ◽  
Anne Smith
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Motor Control ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Movement Trajectories ◽  
Trajectory Formation ◽  
Speech Motor

In order to contribute to a more comprehensive model of speech motor development, we examined the movement trajectories of the upper lip, lower lip, and jaw to determine (a) if there are changes in articulatory motor control in late adolescence; b) if there are sex differences during this developmental period, perhaps related to differences in craniofacial growth rates; (c) if control of jaw motion is adultlike earlier than control of the upper and lower lip; and (d) if control of spatial and temporal aspects of articulatory movement co-develop in adolescence. Participants were 12-, 14-, and 16-year-olds, and young adults (mean age 21.2 years), with 15 males and 15 females per group. A measure reflecting spatiotemporal consistency in trajectory formation for repeated productions of a phrase was calculated for the upper lip, lower lip, and jaw movements. Overall trajectory variability was higher for adolescents compared to young adults. Jaw trajectories were less variable than upper lip or lower lip trajectories, but all effectors showed parallel decreases in variability as age increased, suggesting that control of jaw movement does not reach adult performance before control of the lips. Separate temporal and spatial measures revealed that adolescents had significantly longer movement durations, lower velocities, smaller displacements, and greater variability on these measures than young adults. There were no sex differences on any measure examined, suggesting that peripheral growth factors do not account for this protracted developmental time course. These results provide initial evidence of significant changes in speech motor control processes during adolescence.

scholarly journals Effects of Age and Syntactic Complexity on Speech Motor Performance

2014 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 2142-2151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Dromey ◽  
Kelsey Boyce ◽  
Ron Channell
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Speech Motor Control ◽  
Syntactic Complexity ◽  
Linguistic Complexity ◽  
Articulatory Movement ◽  
Vocal Intensity ◽  
Grammatical Complexity ◽  
Effect Of Age ◽  
Speech Motor

Purpose This study investigated the effect of age on articulatory movement and stability in young, middle-age, and older adults. It also examined the potential influence of linguistic complexity on speech motor control across utterances that differed in their length and grammatical complexity. Method There were 60 participants in 3 age groups: 20–30 years, 40–50 years, and 60–70 years, with equal numbers of men and women in each group. The speakers produced 10 repetitions of 5 different stimuli—each of which included the same bilabial-loaded phrase in different grammatical contexts—while their lip movements were recorded. Results Participants from the 60-year-old group had significantly longer utterance durations, whereas those from the 20-year-old group had the highest jaw spatiotemporal index (STI) values. There were significant differences in the upper lip STI, displacement, and velocity as well as in vocal intensity for the longer, complex conditions compared with the shorter, phrase-only task. Overall, the differences in performance were minimal across grammatical complexity levels that were equal in length. Conclusion These findings suggest that speech motor control matures beyond young adulthood and that linguistic complexity in a repetitive task does not appear to have a consistent effect on measures of speech movement.

scholarly journals The Sequential Development of Jaw and Lip Control for Speech

2002 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan R. Green ◽  
Christopher A. Moore ◽  
Kevin J. Reilly
Keyword(s):  
Motor Development ◽  
Speech Sound ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Vertical Displacements ◽  
Lip Movement ◽  
Experimental Findings

Vertical displacements of the upper lip, lower lip, and jaw during speech were recorded for groups of 1-, 2-, and 6-year-olds and adults to examine if control over these articulators develops sequentially. All movement traces were amplitudeand time-normalized. The developmental course of upper lip, lower lip, and jaw control was examined by quantifying age-related changes in the similarity of each articulator's movement patterns to those produced by adult subjects and by same-age peers. In addition, differences in token-to-token stability of articulatory movement were assessed among the different age groups. The experimental findings revealed that 1- and 2-year-old children's jaw movements were significantly more adult-like than their upper and lower lip movements, which were more variable. In contrast, upper and lower lip movement patterns became more adult-like with maturation. These findings suggest that the earliest stages of speech motor development are constrained by the nonuniform development of articulatory control, with the jaw preceding the lips. The observed developmental patterns suggest that the properties of the oral motor control system significantly influence the pattern of speech sound acquisition.

The Effects of Varying Lower-Lip Displacement on Upper-Lip Movements

1983 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Folkins ◽  
Raymond N. Linville
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Speech Motor Control ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Bite Block ◽  
Maximum Displacement ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Mass Spring ◽  
Speech Motor ◽  
Normal Speaking

Upper-lip and lower-lip movements were transduced in the inferior-superior dimension in five normal-speaking subjects during four tasks. In task 1 visual feedback was used to manipulate the maximum displacement of the lower lip during speech. The upper lip elevated significantly less for the opening gesture when the amount of opening from the lower lip was increased. The upper lip moved to significantly lower positions for bilabial closure when the distance to be moved by the lower lip was increased. In task 2 the same procedures were followed with a bite block between the teeth. The bite block did not significantly change the interactions between lips for the opening gesture. The interactions were larger for bilabial closure with the bite block. In task 3 different vowels instead of visual feedback were used to manipulate lower-lip displacement. The relations between lips were similar to those found in task 1. In task 4 it was shown that these relations between lips are not found in nonspeech lower-lip movements. The interactions between lips are discussed in relation to models of speech motor control, including spatial targets, mass-spring systems, and planned trajectories.

Physiologic Studies Provide New Perspectives on Early Speech Development

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
Erin M. Wilson ◽  
Ignatius S. B. Nip
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Motion Tracking ◽  
Speech Development ◽  
Speech Motor Control ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Facial Motion ◽  
Disordered Speech ◽  
Speech Motor ◽  
Physiologic Data

Abstract Although certain speech development milestones are readily observable, the developmental course of speech motor control is largely unknown. However, recent advances in facial motion tracking systems have been used to investigate articulator movements in children and the findings from these studies are being used to further our understanding of the physiologic basis of typical and disordered speech development. Physiologic work has revealed that the emergence of speech is highly dependent on the lack of flexibility in the early oromotor system. It also has been determined that the progression of speech motor development is non-linear, a finding that has motivated researchers to investigate how variables such as oromotor control, cognition, and linguistic factors affect speech development in the form of catalysts and constraints. Physiologic data are also being used to determine if non-speech oromotor behaviors play a role in the development of speech. This improved understanding of the physiology underlying speech, as well as the factors influencing its progression, helps inform our understanding of speech motor control in children with disordered speech and provide a framework for theory-driven therapeutic approaches to treatment.

Kinematic Analysis of Lower Lip Movements in Ataxic Dysarthria

1995 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 1252-1259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hermann Ackermann ◽  
Ingo Hertrich ◽  
Gabriele Scharf
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Peak Velocity ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Speech Motor Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Organizational Principle ◽  
Acoustic Speech Signal ◽  
Opening And Closing ◽  
Speech Motor

The present study investigates the influence of cerebellar disorders on articulatory performance. A linear trend between peak velocity and movement amplitude seems to represent a basic organizational principle both of upper limb and speech motor control. This relationship is preserved in arm movements of patients with cerebellar dysfunction. However, these subjects show a decreased slope of the respective regression lines under the instruction to perform movements as fast as possible. In order to find out whether these findings also hold for speech motor control, peak velocity, range, and duration both of the opening and closing gestures during production of /pap/- as well as /pa:p/-sequences—embedded into a carrier phrase each—were measured using an optoelectric system. In addition, vowel length (/a/, /a:/) was determined at the acoustic speech signal: (a) The cerebellar patients showed a prolongation of both vowel targets. Most of them, nevertheless, presented with discernible durational contrasts; (b) The articulatory gestures were characterized by a highly linear relationship between peak velocity and movement range in the cerebellar as well as in the control group; (c) As a rule, the cerebellar subjects had decreased velocity-displacement ratios as compared to the normals; (d) The discrepancy in slope of the computed regression lines between the controls and the patients varied according to the type of movement (opening vs. closing gesture) and—to a lesser degree—linguistic demands (short vs. long vowel). These data indicate an impaired ability of cerebellar patients to increase muscular forces in order to produce adequately scaled articulatory gestures of short duration.

Variations in Articulatory Movement With Changes in Speech Task

2004 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Tasko ◽  
Michael D. McClean
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Speech Disorders ◽  
Task Type ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Speech Task ◽  
Kinematic Behavior ◽  
Articulatory Movement ◽  
Disordered Speech ◽  
Speech Motor

Studies of normal and disordered articulatory movement often rely on the use of short, simple speech tasks. However, the severity of speech disorders can be observed to vary markedly with task. Understanding task-related variations in articulatory kinematic behavior may allow for an improved understanding of normal and disordered speech motor behavior in varying communication contexts. This study evaluated how orofacial kinematic behavior varies as a function of speaking task in a group of 15 healthy male speakers. The speech tasks included a nonsense phrase with a high frequency of stop consonants, a sentence, an oral reading passage, and a spontaneous monologue. In addition, rate and intensity conditions were varied for the nonsense phrase and sentence. The articulatory positions of the upper lip, lower lip, tongue blade, and mandible were recorded, and measures reflecting (a) average features of individual movements or strokes (i.e., peak speed, distance, and duration) and (b) overall spatial variability of the articulators for each task were extracted, derived, and analyzed. Results showed a number of task- and condition-related differences in speech kinematic behavior. The most prominent result from the task comparison was that the nonsense speech task exhibited larger, faster, and longer movement strokes than the other speech tasks. For some articulators (lower lip and tongue), there were task-related differences in spatial variability. Changes in loudness and rate revealed variation in kinematic measures that were often complicated by articulator identity and task type. The results suggest that an expanded range of speech tasks and conditions may aid in the study of normal and disordered speech motor behavior.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Smile Parameters in Nongrowing Subjects Using Photographs

2019 ◽  
Vol 07 (02) ◽  
pp. 087-094
Author(s):  
Mandeep Bhullar ◽  
Yagyeshwar Malhotra ◽  
Sanjay Mittal ◽  
Isha Aggarwal ◽  
Divya Singla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Upper Lip ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Photographic Analysis ◽  
Group I ◽  
Smile Esthetics ◽  
Buccal Corridor

Abstract Introduction An attractive or pleasing smile enhances the acceptance of an individual in the society by improving interpersonal relationships. In this new era of social media, people are more concerned about their smile; hence, smile esthetics has become the primary objective of orthodontic treatment. It is seen that various smile parameters change with age and gender. Aim The aim of the study was to evaluate various smile parameters in nongrowing patients using photographic analysis. Materials and Methods The sample comprised photographs of 50 subjects (8 males, 42 females) taken in natural head position and then divided into two age groups: Group I (25 subjects, aged 18–20 years) and Group II (25 subjects, aged 23–29 years). The various parameters were analyzed using Adobe Photoshop software (version CS 6; Adobe System Inc., California, United States): upper lip and lower lip lengths during rest and smiling, smile index, buccal corridor, upper and lower lip thickness, interlabial gap, incisal display, widest visible maxillary display, and intercommissural width. Results The results showed that lower lip length at rest and smiling, interlabial gap, incisal display, inner commissure width, and widest visible maxillary display were increased, whereas upper lip length both at rest and smiling, upper and lower lip thickness, outer commissure width, smile index, and buccal corridor were decreased with age. Statistically significant sex-related differences were found in upper lip length at rest and lower lip length both at rest and smiling. Conclusion Orthodontic treatment must incorporate various esthetic elements of smile to achieve desirable results.

scholarly journals Nonword Repetition and Speech Motor Control in Children

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Reuterskiöld ◽  
Maria I. Grigos
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Nonword Repetition ◽  
Speech Motor Control ◽  
Movement Duration ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Movement Variability ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Jaw Movement ◽  
Speech Motor

This study examined how familiarity of word structures influenced articulatory control in children and adolescents during repetition of real words (RWs) and nonwords (NWs). A passive reflective marker system was used to track articulator movement. Measures of accuracy were obtained during repetition of RWs and NWs, and kinematic analysis of movement duration and variability was conducted. Participants showed greater consonant and vowel accuracy during RW than NW repetition. Jaw movement duration was longer in NWs compared to RWs across age groups, and younger children produced utterances with longer jaw movement duration compared to older children. Jaw movement variability was consistently greater during repetition of NWs than RWs in both groups of participants. The results indicate that increases in phonological short-term memory demands affect articulator movement. This effect is most pronounced in younger children. A range of skills may develop during childhood, which supports NW repetition skills.

Variability of Lip and Jaw Movements in Children and Adults

1985 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan G. Sharkey ◽  
John W. Folkins
Keyword(s):  
Motor Skill ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Jaw Movements ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Motor Processes ◽  
Jaw Opening ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Speech Motor

The development of speech motor skill was studied by measuring the variability of lower lip and jaw movements. Groups of five adults, and children at ages 4, 7, and 10 years produced [mæ] and [bæ] 20 times each. The duration of lip-opening movements, jaw-opening movements, lip-open postures, jaw-open postures, and the timing between the onset of lower lip opening and jaw opening decreased in variability between the child and adult groups. No significant differences were observed in the variability of these measures across the child groups. The variability of lower lip displacement decreased significantly between the 4-year-old and 7-year-old groups, but not between any other age groups. Jaw displacement variability did not change significantly between any groups. No significant differences in variability were found between [bæ] and [mæ]. It is hypothesized that different developmental motor processes affect the variability of speech movements at early, intermediate, and older ages.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document