The effect of sward structure as influenced by ryegrass genotype on bite dimensions and short-term intake rate by dairy cows

2003 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. D. Barrett ◽  
D. A. McGilloway ◽  
A. S. Laidlaw ◽  
C. S. Mayne
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Sward Structure

scholarly journals Sward structure management for a maximum short-term intake rate in annual ryegrass

2012 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Amaral ◽  
J. C. Mezzalira ◽  
C. Bremm ◽  
J. K. Da Trindade ◽  
M. J. Gibb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intake Rate ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Sward Structure

scholarly journals Sward structure and short-term herbage intake in Arachis pintoi cv. Belmonte subjected to varying intensities of grazing

2017 ◽  
Vol 156 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. P. Silva ◽  
C. A. Fialho ◽  
L. R. Carvalho ◽  
L. Fonseca ◽  
P. C. F. Carvalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Tropical Pastures ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Bite Rate ◽  
Sward Height ◽  
Herbage Intake ◽  
Sward Structure

AbstractThe use of forage legumes has been proposed as a means of generating sustainable grazing environments. Their limited use, particularly in tropical pastures, is partially due to the limited knowledge regarding the efficiency of utilization by animals. The present study characterized the sward structure, nutritive value and ingestive behaviour of dairy heifers in pastures of peanut cv. Belmonte under continuous stocking management. Treatments corresponded to sward heights of 5, 10, 15 and 20 cm, according to a randomized complete block design, with four replications. The following response variables were evaluated: vertical distribution of the morphological components within the sward, forage mass, nutritive value (simulated grazing), bite rate (BR), bite mass (BM) and short-term herbage intake rate (STIR). The top half of the sward height was mainly composed of leaves and the bottom half mainly of stolon and dead material regardless of management height. Greater values of neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre were recorded during autumn, while higher values of in-vitro dry matter (DM) digestibility (0·85) occurred during spring regardless of management height for the grazed stratum. In relation to treatments, greater values of crude protein were recorded on swards managed at 5 cm (0·27) and 10 cm (0·26). Bite rate, BM and STIR varied with sward height, but not with a season of the year. The STIR followed a broken line response to sward height, with increasing values up to 13·1 cm (106 g DM/kg body weight). Sward structure played an important role in determining the STIR. To maximize the STIR of dairy heifers under continuous stocking management, swards should be managed at heights of not <13·1 cm.

scholarly journals Can animal performance be predicted from short-term grazing processes?

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 319 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. F. Carvalho ◽  
C. Bremm ◽  
J. C. Mezzalira ◽  
L. Fonseca ◽  
J. K. da Trindade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Abiotic Conditions ◽  
Native Grasslands ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sward Structure

Despite all the biotic and abiotic factors affecting foraging by ruminants, there is a common and fundamental process, which is bite gathering. We hypothesised that because the mechanics of bite formation dominate the foraging process, changes in short-term bite mass are reflected in longer-term animal performance across a wide range of sward conditions. We focus at the meal level of foraging, using experiments in which the effect of abiotic factors and digestive constrains are minimised, making intake rate the main currency. We estimated bite mass across a wide range of structural challenges to large-herbivore foraging in a long-term experiment with heterogeneous native grasslands. A conceptual model was developed for average daily gain, where energy gain and energy costs were proximate causal variables. Energy gain was a function of diet quality and components of daily intake rate, where bite mass was the main component estimated. In turn, components of intake rate were determined by sward structure and bodyweight. Energy costs were a function of bodyweight and abiotic conditions. Finally, sward structure, bodyweight and abiotic conditions were determined by experimental treatments, seasons and years. Then, the conceptual model was translated into statistical models that included variables measured or estimated, and coefficients representing all links in the conceptual model. Weight gain was a function of bite mass, forage characteristics, and animal and abiotic conditions. Models were set up to test whether forage and stocking conditions affected monthly gain beyond the effects through bite mass, after correcting for abiotic factors. Forage mass, height and disappearance did help predict monthly gain after bite mass was included in the model, which supported our hypothesis. However, stocking treatments and season had significant effects not incorporated in bite mass. Although the model explained 77.9% of liveweight gain variation, only 35.2% was due to fixed effects, with 10.8% accounted by bite mass and its interactions. Concomitant experiments showed that sward structure (first with sward height and the second with tussock cover) does determine bite mass and short-term intake rate in the complex native grasslands we studied. Yet, other temporal varying components of monthly gain not correlated with bite mass, temperature or wind, added most of the observed variation in monthly animal performance. Part of the model failure to account for variation in performance may be related to a significant and temporally variable grazing of tussocks. We used a bite mass model that assumed no tussock grazing. In light of these results and a parallel experiment, we conclude that tussock grazing must be incorporated in future versions of the model.

Short Term Intake Rate (STIR) as a method of ranking the intake potential of forage mixtures by dairy cows

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 193-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Harrison ◽  
D.L Romney ◽  
R.H Phipps ◽  
E. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Simple Technique ◽  
Rapid Assessment ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Forage Mixtures

Studies conducted by Moseley and Manendez (1989) and Gill and Romney (1994) have indicated a good correlation between potential intake rate and voluntary food intake for certain feedstuffs. Therefore development of a simple technique to assess intake rate could enable rapid assessment of feed acceptability. This experiment examined what will be termed Short Term Intake Rate (STIR) as a method of ranking forage mixtures in terms of intake potential.Five individually fed multiparous Fresian Holstein dairy cows were offered five silage based diets ad libitum daily for five days in a latin square design. The diets consisted of grass silage (A), or grass silage and maize silage in a 1:3 DM ratio (B, C, D and E). The DM content of the grass silage (A) was 279 g DM/kg, and the target DM content of the maize silage used in diets B, C, D and E was 230, 280, 300 and 380 g DM/kg respectively. The DM content of the forage mixtures B, C, D and E were 278, 302, 318 and 373 g DM/kg.

Short Term Intake Rate (STIR) as a method of ranking the intake potential of forage mixtures by dairy cows

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 193-193
Author(s):  
S. Harrison ◽  
D.L Romney ◽  
R.H Phipps ◽  
E. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Simple Technique ◽  
Rapid Assessment ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Forage Mixtures

Studies conducted by Moseley and Manendez (1989) and Gill and Romney (1994) have indicated a good correlation between potential intake rate and voluntary food intake for certain feedstuffs. Therefore development of a simple technique to assess intake rate could enable rapid assessment of feed acceptability. This experiment examined what will be termed Short Term Intake Rate (STIR) as a method of ranking forage mixtures in terms of intake potential.Five individually fed multiparous Fresian Holstein dairy cows were offered five silage based diets ad libitum daily for five days in a latin square design. The diets consisted of grass silage (A), or grass silage and maize silage in a 1:3 DM ratio (B, C, D and E). The DM content of the grass silage (A) was 279 g DM/kg, and the target DM content of the maize silage used in diets B, C, D and E was 230, 280, 300 and 380 g DM/kg respectively. The DM content of the forage mixtures B, C, D and E were 278, 302, 318 and 373 g DM/kg.

Effect of duration of fasting period on short-term intake rates of lactating dairy cows

1998 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Patterson ◽  
D. A. McGilloway ◽  
A. Cushnahan ◽  
C. S. Mayne ◽  
A. S. Laidlaw
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Fasting Period ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Biting Rate ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Grazing Period ◽  
Fasting Duration

AbstractThe effects of duration of fasting on the short-term feeding behaviour of 12 grazing and 12 silage-fed lactating Holstein-Friesian dairy cows were examined. Four groups of three cows were rotated around fasting treatments of 1, 3, 6 or 13 h following a balanced Latin-square design. Herbage intakes for each treatment group were assessed over al-h period.As intended there were no significant differences in sward characteristics between the experimental plots grazed by cows from different treatment groups. However, total dry-matter (DM) intake, biting rate and DM intake per bite, measured over the 1-h grazing period, increased significantly when the duration offasting was extended from 1 to 6 or 13 h (P < 0·05). There were only minor differences in grazing behaviour following fasting durations ofl and 3, or 6 and 13 h.In a parallel study, undertaken to assess the influence offasting duration on appetite independently of grazing, four groups of three cows were housed indoors and offered 30 kg of a high quality grass silage. Silage DM intakes, measured over a 1-h period, increased significantly with extended fasting periods (P < 0·01), though silage DM intake was considerably lower than that of grazing cows for each fasting treatment.These results suggest that dairy cows grazing on good quality swards may be able to compensate for increased degree of hunger by increasing both biting rate and DM intake per bite to increase DM intake rate. Although the DM intakes of silage and grazed grass followed similar patterns of increasing intake with extended fasting duration, DM intake rates were considerably higher in grazing cows for each fasting treatment.

0620 Performance and rumimal metabolism are not changed in lactating dairy cows offered spring available annual forage crops during a short-term grazing experiment

2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (suppl_5) ◽  
pp. 294-295
Author(s):  
K. A. Juntwait ◽  
A. F. Brito ◽  
K. S. O'Connor ◽  
R. G. Smith ◽  
K. M. Aragona ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Grazing Experiment ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows

scholarly journals Characterization of Short-Term Heat Stress in Holstein Dairy Cows Using Altered Indicators of Metabolomics, Blood Parameters, Milk MicroRNA-216 and Characteristics

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 722
Author(s):  
Jang-Hoon Jo ◽  
Jalil Ghassemi Nejad ◽  
Dong-Qiao Peng ◽  
Hye-Ran Kim ◽  
Sang-Ho Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Humidity Index ◽  
Holstein Dairy Cows

This study aims to characterize the influence of short-term heat stress (HS; 4 day) in early lactating Holstein dairy cows, in terms of triggering blood metabolomics and parameters, milk yield and composition, and milk microRNA expression. Eight cows (milk yield = 30 ± 1.5 kg/day, parity = 1.09 ± 0.05) were homogeneously housed in environmentally controlled chambers, assigned into two groups with respect to the temperature humidity index (THI) at two distinct levels: approximately ~71 (low-temperature, low-humidity; LTLH) and ~86 (high-temperature, high-humidity; HTHH). Average feed intake (FI) dropped about 10 kg in the HTHH group, compared with the LTLH group (p = 0.001), whereas water intake was only numerically higher (p = 0.183) in the HTHH group than in the LTLH group. Physiological parameters, including rectal temperature (p = 0.001) and heart rate (p = 0.038), were significantly higher in the HTHH group than in the LTLH group. Plasma cortisol and haptoglobin were higher (p < 0.05) in the HTHH group, compared to the LTLH group. Milk yield, milk fat yield, 3.5% fat-corrected milk (FCM), and energy-corrected milk (ECM) were lower (p < 0.05) in the HTHH group than in the LTLH group. Higher relative expression of milk miRNA-216 was observed in the HTHH group (p < 0.05). Valine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, lactic acid, 3-phenylpropionic acid, 1,5-anhydro-D-sorbitol, myo-inositol, and urea were decreased (p < 0.05). These results suggest that early lactating cows are more vulnerable to short-term (4 day) high THI levels—that is, HTHH conditions—compared with LTLH, considering the enormous negative effects observed in measured blood metabolomics and parameters, milk yield and compositions, and milk miRNA-216 expression.

Grazing behaviour and pattern of intake of dairy cows grazing kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) grass pastures in relation to sward height and length of grazing session

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 233 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Dobos ◽  
W. J. Fulkerson ◽  
K. Sinclair ◽  
G. N. Hinch
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Pennisetum Clandestinum ◽  
Sward Height ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Grazing Period ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Strip Grazing

To investigate how grazing time, herbage dry matter intake (DMI) and intake rate (IR) are influenced by intensive grazing management, dairy cows strip-grazing subtropical grass pastures (Pennisetum clandestinum) at two compressed sward heights (10 and 13 cm) and at five grazing durations (1, 2, 4, 8 and 15 h) and replicated over 3 days were studied. The study was conducted in summer and the cows were observed every 20 min from 1600 to 0700 hours to calculate the time spent (min/h) grazing, ruminating and resting. Total time spent grazing was 45 min longer for cows grazing the 13-cm sward than for those grazing the 10-cm sward over the 15-h grazing period. The rate of increase in grazing time was 0.64 h/h grazing duration up to 4 h after introduction to fresh pasture. IR of cows grazing the 13-cm sward was significantly higher than those grazing the 10-cm sward (0.17 v. 0.12 kg DM/min spent grazing). The difference in IRs between sward height treatments resulted from the higher DMI in the 13-cm sward within the first 4 h of grazing compared with the 10-cm sward, although following the first 4-h grazing period IR was similar for both sward heights. Grazing time increased with sward height up to a maximum of 4 h after introduction to fresh pasture and had also maximised herbage DMI by this time. These results have important practical implications for dairy cow grazing management systems because they show that dairy managers could remove cows after 4 h with little compromise in production and will help in developing optimum supplementary feeding strategies when pasture availability limits DMI.

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