scholarly journals The impact of gastrointestinal nematodes on wild reindeer: experimental and cross-sectional studies

2002 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 937-945 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Stien ◽  
R. J. Irvine ◽  
E. Ropstad ◽  
O. Halvorsen ◽  
R. Langvatn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cross Sectional Studies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Wild Reindeer

scholarly journals Evidence for Residual Immunity to Smallpox After Vaccination and Implications for Re-emergence

2019 ◽  
Vol 184 (11-12) ◽  
pp. e668-e679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohana Priya Kunasekaran ◽  
Xin Chen ◽  
Valentina Costantino ◽  
Abrar Ahmad Chughtai ◽  
Chandini Raina MacIntyre
Keyword(s):  
Immunological Memory ◽  
Childhood Vaccination ◽  
Smallpox Vaccination ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Immune Correlates ◽  
Modeling Studies ◽  
Cross Sectional Studies ◽  
Duration Of Protection ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction Smallpox has been eradicated but advances in synthetic biology have increased the risk of its re-emergence. Residual immunity in individuals who were previously vaccinated may mitigate the impact of an outbreak, but there is a high degree of uncertainty about the duration and degree of residual immunity. Both cell-mediated and humoral immunity are thought to be important but the exact mechanisms of protection are unclear. Guidelines usually suggest vaccine-induced immunity wanes to zero after 3–10 years post vaccination, whereas other estimates show long term immunity over decades. Materials and Methods A systematic review of the literature was conducted to quantify the duration and extent of residual immunity to smallpox after vaccination. Results Twenty-nine papers related to quantifying residual immunity to smallpox after vaccination were identified: neutralizing antibody levels were used as immune correlates of protection in 11/16 retrospective cross-sectional studies, 2/3 epidemiological studies, 6/7 prospective vaccine trials and 0/3 modeling studies. Duration of protection of >20 years was consistently shown in the 16 retrospective cross-sectional studies, while the lowest estimated duration of protection was 11.7 years among the modeling studies. Childhood vaccination conferred longer duration of protection than vaccination in adulthood, and multiple vaccinations did not appear to improve immunity. Conclusions Most studies suggest a longer duration of residual immunity (at least 20 years) than assumed in smallpox guidelines. Estimates from modeling studies were less but still greater than the 3–10 years suggested by the WHO Committee on International Quarantine or US CDC guidelines. These recommendations were probably based on observations and studies conducted while smallpox was endemic. The cut-off values for pre-existing antibody levels of >1:20 and >1:32 reported during the period of endemic smallpox circulation may not be relevant to the contemporary population, but have been used as a threshold for identifying people with residual immunity in post-eradication era studies. Of the total antibodies produced in response to smallpox vaccination, neutralizing antibodies have shown to contribute significantly to immunological memory. Although the mechanism of immunological memory and boosting is unclear, revaccination is likely to result in a more robust response. There is a need to improve the evidence base for estimates on residual immunity to better inform planning and preparedness for re-emergent smallpox.

scholarly journals Health Related Quality of Life of Caregivers of Children and Adolescents With Phenylketonuria: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 2333794X2110653
Author(s):  
Deepa Shaji Thomas ◽  
Divya K. Y. ◽  
Judie Arulappan
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Health Related Quality ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Related Quality ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Open Label Trial ◽  
Cross Sectional Studies ◽  
The Impact

Introduction. Caregivers of children with chronic illness are at risk of having impairment in their quality of life (QOL). We systematically reviewed the available literature related to the Health Related Quality Of Life (HRQOL) of caregivers of children with Phenylketonuria (PKU). Methods. We comprehensively searched in electronic databases including Scopus, Science Direct, CINAHL, Medline, PubMed, Google scholar, and ProQuest. The search criteria included studies with samples more than one, children suffering from PKU, exploring parents or primary caregiver’s HRQOL, published from 2010 to 2020, full article available for download and published in English. Eight studies including 5 cross sectional studies, 1 open label trial, and 2 surveys were systematically reviewed. Results. Seven out of 8 studies have established a negative correlation between PKU and parent’s HRQOL in at least 1 of the domains. In one study, the HRQOL of parents is higher than their population norms. Conclusion. Most of the caregivers had poor to moderate HRQOL. More studies are required to explore HRQOL of caregivers of children with PKU using similar tools and outcome measures addressing all the domains of HRQOL in order to have more clarity on the impact of PKU on caregiver’s HRQOL. Interventional studies might help in improving the HRQOL of caregivers.

scholarly journals The Impact of COVID-19 and the Pandemic on Tinnitus: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
pp. 2763
Author(s):  
Eldre Beukes ◽  
Alyssa Jade Ulep ◽  
Taylor Eubank ◽  
Vinaya Manchaiah
Keyword(s):  
Case Series ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Design Studies ◽  
Impact Studies ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Disease Impact ◽  
Cross Sectional Studies ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
The Impact

This review aimed to systematically review what has been published regarding tinnitus during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic up to March 2021 by performing both narrative and quantitative meta-analyses. Of the 181 records identified, 33 met the inclusion criteria, which generally had a fair risk of overall bias. In the included, 28 studies focused on the impact of the COVID-19 virus on tinnitus and 5 studies focused on the impact of the pandemic on tinnitus. From the studies identifying the impact of COVID-19 on tinnitus, there were 17 cross-sectional studies (n = 8913) and 11 case series or case report studies (n = 35). There were 2 cross-sectional studies (n = 3232) and 3 pre-post-test design studies (n = 326) focusing on the impact of the pandemic on tinnitus. No consistent patterns were found regarding the presentation of the tinnitus or additional factors that could have tinnitus developing in the disease impact studies. For the pandemic impact studies, the associated stress and anxiety of the pandemic were consistently suggested to contribute to tinnitus experiences. The pooled estimated prevalence of tinnitus post COVID-19 was 8% (CI: 5 to 13%). Medical professionals should be aware that tinnitus might be more problematic following the pandemic or after having COVID-19.

scholarly journals The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on self-harm and suicidal behaviour: update of living systematic review

F1000Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 1097
Author(s):  
Ann John ◽  
Emily Eyles ◽  
Roger T. Webb ◽  
Chukwudi Okolie ◽  
Lena Schmidt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Suicidal Behaviour ◽  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Research Evidence ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Suicidal Thoughts ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
Cross Sectional Studies ◽  
The Impact

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused considerable morbidity, mortality and disruption to people’s lives around the world. There are concerns that rates of suicide and suicidal behaviour may rise during and in its aftermath. Our living systematic review synthesises findings from emerging literature on incidence and prevalence of suicidal behaviour as well as suicide prevention efforts in relation to COVID-19, with this iteration synthesising relevant evidence up to 19th October 2020. Method:  Automated daily searches feed into a web-based database with screening and data extraction functionalities. Eligibility criteria include incidence/prevalence of suicidal behaviour, exposure-outcome relationships and effects of interventions in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic. Outcomes of interest are suicide, self-harm or attempted suicide and suicidal thoughts. No restrictions are placed on language or study type, except for single-person case reports. We exclude one-off cross-sectional studies without either pre-pandemic measures or comparisons of COVID-19 positive vs. unaffected individuals. Results: Searches identified 6,226 articles. Seventy-eight articles met our inclusion criteria. We identified a further 64 relevant cross-sectional studies that did not meet our revised inclusion criteria. Thirty-four articles were not peer-reviewed (e.g. research letters, pre-prints). All articles were based on observational studies. There was no consistent evidence of a rise in suicide but many studies noted adverse economic effects were evolving. There was evidence of a rise in community distress, fall in hospital presentation for suicidal behaviour and early evidence of an increased frequency of suicidal thoughts in those who had become infected with COVID-19. Conclusions:  Research evidence of the impact of COVID-19 on suicidal behaviour is accumulating rapidly. This living review provides a regular synthesis of the most up-to-date research evidence to guide public health and clinical policy to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 on suicide risk as the longer term impacts of the pandemic on suicide risk are researched.

scholarly journals De utryghedsmæssige konsekvenser af udsathed for kriminalitet i Danmark

2020 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-66
Author(s):  
Rune H. Scherg ◽  
Anders Ejrnæs
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Models ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Causal Inferences ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Current Article ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Cross Sectional Studies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Do So

AbstractThis article examines the consequences of victimisation in relation to feeling of safety in Denmark.2 Using various statistical models, we address two general questions: First, how do different victimisation patterns affect victims’ feelings of safety, and second, how do victims’ demographic characteristics modify the consequences of victimisation in relation to feelings of safety. We analyse panel data from the Danish Police’s Safety Survey (2014-2018) linked to Danish register data. Although there is an abundance of international research about the victimfear nexus, there are still gaps in our current understanding of this relationship. First, research on the impact of victimization on feelings of safety is often based on cross-sectional studies, which don’t allow for solid causal inferences. Second, potential differences between different groups of victims have not been thoroughly analysed as few studies have had the statistical power to do so. Last, there is a scarcity of Scandinavian studies on the subject. The current article shows that victimization has a consistent effect on feelings of safety. However, the size of the effect is generally moderate and short-lived. The article also demonstrates that the impacts of victimization are disproportionately distributed across different groups of victims.

The Impact of Diabetic Neuropathy on Activities of Daily Living, Postural Balance and Risk of Falls - A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 193229682199792
Author(s):  
Karolina Snopek Khan ◽  
Henning Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Neuropathy ◽  
Activities Of Daily Living ◽  
Postural Balance ◽  
Fall Risk ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Postural Stability ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Risk Of Falls ◽  
Cross Sectional Studies ◽  
The Impact

Objective: The objective of this review is to discuss a compilation of the currently available literature regarding the impact of diabetic neuropathy (DN) on activities of daily living (ADL), postural stability, and risk of falls. Methods: A systematic electronic search strategy was conducted on PubMed/MEDLINE database, Cochrane Library, and Embase in March 2020. This narrative review included clinical cross-sectional studies assessing ADL, postural balance, and falls in adults with DN. All studies underwent a quality assessment based on the Newcastle Ottawa scale developed to assess cross-sectional studies. Results: Forty-two studies were identified. A total of 37 studies evaluated postural stability in DN, 10 studies assessed fall accidents, and three studies assessed ADL in individuals with DN. Seven studies assessed both postural stability and fall accidents, and one study assessed postural stability and ADL. Each of the studied outcome variables was assessed separately. Based on a quality assessment, eight studies were excluded resulting in an evaluation of 34 studies. Conclusions: Diabetic neuropathy has a negative impact on postural balance and gait kinematics combined with an increased fall risk. Because of the few number of studies available, we were unable to evaluate the impact of DN on ADL. Our findings are in concordance with previous reviews, supporting the evidence for DN as a critical measure negatively impacting postural stability and fall risk in individuals with diabetes. Further clinical investigative studies are needed.

scholarly journals Conflict of Interest Policies at Medical Schools and Teaching Hospitals: A Systematic Review of Cross-sectional Studies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Fabbri ◽  
Kristine Rasmussen Hone ◽  
Asbjørn Hróbjartsson ◽  
Andreas Lundh
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Medical Schools ◽  
High Income ◽  
Educational Quality ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Teaching Hospitals ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
European Institutions ◽  
Cross Sectional Studies ◽  
The Impact

Background: This systematic review aims to estimate the proportion of medical schools and teaching hospitals with conflicts of interest (COI) policies for health research and education, to describe the provisions included in the policies and their impact on research outputs and educational quality or content. Methods: Experimental and observational studies reporting at least one of the above mentioned aims were included irrespective of language, publication type or geographical setting. MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase and the Cochrane Methodology Register were searched from inception to March 2020. Methodological study quality was assessed using an amended version of the Joanna Briggs Institute’s checklist for prevalence studies. Results: Twenty-two cross-sectional studies were included; all were conducted in high-income countries. Of these, 20 studies estimated the prevalence of COI policies, which ranged from 5% to 100% (median: 85%). Twenty studies assessed the provisions included in COI policies with different assessment methods. Of these, nine analysed the strength of the content of medical schools’ COI policies using various assessment tools that looked at a range of policy domains. The mean standardised summary score of policy strength ranged from 2% to 73% (median: 30%), with a low score indicating a weak policy. North American institutions more frequently had COI policies and their content was rated as stronger than policies from European institutions. None of the included studies assessed the impact of COI policies on research outputs or educational quality or content. Conclusion: Prevalence of COI policies at medical schools and teaching hospitals varied greatly in high-income countries. No studies estimated the prevalence of policies in low to middle-income countries. The content of COI policies varied widely and while most European institutions ranked poorly, in North America more medical schools had strong policies. No studies were identified on impact of COI policies on research outputs and educational quality or content.

Abstract 182: The Impact of National and Regional Health Systems Arrangements on Hypertension Awareness, Treatment and Control: a Systematic Literature Review

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jared Paty ◽  
Will Maimaris ◽  
Pablo Perel ◽  
Helena Legido-Quigley ◽  
Dina Balabanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
Insurance Coverage ◽  
Regional Health ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Us ◽  
Cross Sectional Studies ◽  
Regional Health Systems ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Background: Around a billion people worldwide have hypertension (HT), a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. A significant proportion of HT patients remain unaware, untreated, and are uncontrolled, despite the availability of inexpensive and effective medications. Weaknesses in health systems are thought to be a key contributor to the inadequacies in HT care and control globally. We performed a systematic literature review to summarize the effects of national or regional health systems arrangements on HT care and control. Methods: An existing health systems framework was adapted to illustrate the impact of health systems components on HT outcomes (awareness, treatment prescription, treatment adherence and HT control) and guide the conduct of the systematic review. Studies analyzing effects of health systems arrangements at the regional or national level on HT outcomes were included, and Medline, Embase, and Global Health were searched for eligible studies. Two authors independently assessed papers for inclusion, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias using a simple proforma. Pooling of results was deemed inappropriate considering substantial variation in study designs. Results: Fifty studies met our eligibility criteria; 1 randomized controlled trial, 11 cohort, 3 case-control, 30 cross-sectional, 3 ecological, and 2 qualitative studies. Forty-one studies (82%) were set in high income countries, 35 of which were in the US. Most studies examined factors relating to the effect of either health systems financing (35) or health systems governance and delivery (16). Longitudinal studies, supported by some but not all cross-sectional studies, consistently reported a significant association between health insurance coverage in the US and improved HT awareness, medication adherence, and control (10 of 21 studies). There was also a consistent significant association, in both longitudinal and cross-sectional studies, between reduced co-payments for medical care and improved HT outcomes (10 of 11 studies). Although lacking longitudinal studies, we found a significant association in 12 of 14 US studies between having a routine place or physician for HT care, and HT outcomes. Conclusions: A largely consistent association between health insurance status, medication copayments, and routine availability of HT care with HT outcomes was found. Implications for policy are mainly applicable to the US setting, where our findings suggest that expanding insurance coverage and increasing access to routine care may improve HT outcomes. Additionally, minimization of co-payments for medication and care may improve HT outcomes in the US and to a limited extent in other non-US settings. Future research efforts should primarily focus on obtaining high quality longitudinal data and reducing the information gap in low and middle income countries, which bear three quarters of the global HT burden.

scholarly journals Age, Period and Cohort Analysis of Smoking Prevalence in Iranian Population over a 25-Year Period

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-14
Author(s):  
Parisa Ghelichkhani ◽  
Masoud Baikpour ◽  
Kazem Mohammad ◽  
Fattah Hama Rahim Fattah ◽  
Nazila Rezaei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Surveys ◽  
Smoking Prevalence ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Daily Smoking ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cross Sectional Studies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
National Health Surveys

Background: Current and daily smoking prevalence rates have been have investigated in several cross-sectional studies. However, analyses in terms of age-period-cohort (APC) have not been carried out. We assessed daily smoking dynamics over a 25-year period using the APC model. Methods: In our analyses, we used data from 214,652 people aged 15 to 64 years, collected by national health surveys conducted in 1990-1991, 1999, 2005, 2007, 2011 and 2016. The Intrinsic Estimator model was used to analyze the impact of APC on daily smoking prevalence. Results: Males were found to exhibit a higher prevalence of smoking compared to females (26.0% against 2.7%). Prevalence of smoking increased by age, peaking at the age groups of 40-44 in men and 45-49 in women, followed by a decreasing trend. The 1990 period had the highest prevalence in both genders, and the 2016 period had the lowest. The coefficients of birth cohort effects showed different patter19s of fluctuations in the two genders with the maximum and minimum coefficients for men calculated in the 1966-1970 and 1991-95 birth cohorts, and for females the 1931-1935 and 1971-1975 birth cohorts, respectively. Conclusion: We showed the impact of APC on daily tobacco smoking prevalence, and these factors should be considered when dealing with smoking.

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