scholarly journals [35S]GTPγS autoradiography reveals a wide distribution of Gi/o-linked ADP receptors in the nervous system: close similarities with the platelet P2YADP receptor

2001 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 505-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarmo T. Laitinen ◽  
Asko Uri ◽  
Gerda Raidaru ◽  
Riitta Miettinen
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Adp Receptors

scholarly journals Lewy pathology of the esophagus correlates with the progression of Lewy body disease: a Japanese cohort study of autopsy cases

2020 ◽  
Vol 141 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-37
Author(s):  
Zen-ichi Tanei ◽  
Yuko Saito ◽  
Shinji Ito ◽  
Tomoyasu Matsubara ◽  
Atsuko Motoda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Lewy Body ◽  
Lewy Bodies ◽  
Lewy Body Disease ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Esophageal Wall ◽  
Motor Symptoms ◽  
Aging Research ◽  
Lewy Pathology ◽  
Japanese Cohort

AbstractLewy body disease (LBD) is a spectrum of progressive neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the wide distribution of Lewy bodies and neurites in the central and peripheral nervous system (CNS, PNS). Clinical diagnoses include Parkinson’s disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies, or pure autonomic failure. All types of LBD are accompanied by non-motor symptoms (NMSs) including gastrointestinal dysfunctions such as constipation. Its relationship to Lewy body-related α-synucleinopathy (Lewy pathology) of the enteric nervous system (ENS) is attracting attention because it can precede the motor symptoms. To clarify the role of ENS Lewy pathology in disease progression, we performed a clinicopathological study using the Brain Bank for Aging Research in Japan. Five-hundred and eighteen cases were enrolled in the study. Lewy pathology of the CNS and PNS, including the lower esophagus as a representative of the ENS, was examined via autopsy findings. Results showed that one-third of older people (178 cases, 34%) exhibited Lewy pathology, of which 78 cases (43.8%) exhibited the pathology in the esophagus. In the esophageal wall, Auerbach’s plexus (41.6%) was most susceptible to the pathology, followed by the adventitia (33.1%) and Meissner’s plexus (14.6%). Lewy pathology of the esophagus was significantly associated with autonomic failures such as constipation (p < 0.0001) and among PNS regions, correlated the most with LBD progression (r = 0.95, p < 0.05). These findings suggest that the propagation of esophageal Lewy pathology is a predictive factor of LBD.

scholarly journals Graded boosting of synaptic signals by low-threshold voltage-activated calcium conductance

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (1) ◽  
pp. 332-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martín Carbó Tano ◽  
María Eugenia Vilarchao ◽  
Lidia Szczupak
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Threshold Voltage ◽  
Positive Feedback ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Firing Frequency ◽  
Synaptic Integration ◽  
Low Threshold ◽  
Sinusoidal Current ◽  
Synaptic Responses

Low-threshold voltage-activated calcium conductances (LT-VACCs) play a substantial role in shaping the electrophysiological attributes of neurites. We have investigated how these conductances affect synaptic integration in a premotor nonspiking (NS) neuron of the leech nervous system. These cells exhibit an extensive neuritic tree, do not fire Na+-dependent spikes, but express an LT-VACC that was sensitive to 250 μM Ni2+ and 100 μM NNC 55-0396 (NNC). NS neurons responded to excitation of mechanosensory pressure neurons with depolarizing responses for which amplitude was a linear function of the presynaptic firing frequency. NNC decreased these synaptic responses and abolished the concomitant widespread Ca2+ signals. Coherent with the interpretation that the LT-VACC amplified signals at the postsynaptic level, this conductance also amplified the responses of NS neurons to direct injection of sinusoidal current. Synaptic amplification thus is achieved via a positive feedback in which depolarizing signals activate an LT-VACC that, in turn, boosts these signals. The wide distribution of LT-VACC could support the active propagation of depolarizing signals, turning the complex NS neuritic tree into a relatively compact electrical compartment.

scholarly journals Pathology of the peripheral nervous system of chlamydial nature

1996 ◽  
Vol XXVIII (1-2) ◽  
pp. 5-8
Author(s):  
A. A. Mikhailenko ◽  
L. S. Onishenko ◽  
I. V. Nuralova ◽  
O. V. Borzenko
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Clinical Examination ◽  
Chlamydial Infection ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Electronic Microscopy ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Infection Incidence ◽  
Sciatic Nerves ◽  
Chlamydial Infections

Change of cells and fibers in horse's tail roots and sciatic nerves regularly revealed, elementary bodies were found with the help of electronic microscopy in mice infected with chlamydia by intracerebral and intraperitoneal approaches. Clinical examination of patients with various mono and polineuropathies revealed that chlamydial infection incidence reached 2537%, and titers of specific antibodies ranged from 1:6 to 1:64, supporting wide distribution of chlamydial infections.

scholarly journals PINK1 and parkin shape the organism-wide distribution of a deleterious mitochondrial genome

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnaud Ahier ◽  
Nadia Cummins ◽  
Chuan-Yang Dai ◽  
Jürgen Götz ◽  
Steven Zuryn
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Mitochondrial Genome ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Mtdna Mutation ◽  
Ubiquitin Protein Ligase ◽  
Mtdna Mutations ◽  
Somatic Tissues ◽  
Multiple Species

AbstractIn multiple species, certain tissue types are prone to acquiring greater loads of mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) mutations relative to others, however the mechanisms that drive these heteroplasmy differences are unknown. We found that the conserved PTEN-induced putative kinase (PINK1/PINK-1) and the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase parkin (PDR-1), which are required for mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy), underlie stereotyped differences in heteroplasmy of a deleterious mitochondrial genome mutation (ΔmtDNA) between major somatic tissues types in Caenorhabditis elegans. We demonstrate that tissues prone to accumulating ΔmtDNA have lower mitophagy responses than those with low mutation levels, such as neurons. Moreover, we show that ΔmtDNA heteroplasmy increases when proteotoxic species that are associated with neurodegenerative disease and mitophagy inhibition are overexpressed in the nervous system. Together, these results suggest that PINK1 and parkin drive organism-wide patterns of heteroplasmy and provide evidence of a causal link between proteotoxicity, mitophagy, and mtDNA mutation levels in neurons.

scholarly journals Morphology, anatomy and histology of Doto uva Marcus, 1955 (Opisthobranchia: Nudibranchia) from the Chilean coast

2006 ◽  
Vol 75 (03-04) ◽  
pp. 145-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Angélica Fischer ◽  
Gerard van der Velde ◽  
Eric W. Roubos
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
External Morphology ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Chilean Coast ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Doto uva Marcus, 1955 is a nudibranch species recorded from the Brazilian and Chilean coast. In spite of its wide distribution, D. uva has been described only superficially, mainly as to the pattern of its coloration, external morphology, radular teeth and reproductive system. Here we substantially extend this description, paying special attention to the morphology, anatomy and histology of the digestive and reproductive system. Furthermore, new data on the morphology of the central nervous system and its cell types are given, and finally, the egg mass is described. On the basis of these data, we consider the Doto specimens described from Chile conspecific with those from Brazil.

scholarly journals Multi-Organ System Dysfunction in Covid-19 – A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 632-637
Author(s):  
Pooja Bhadoria ◽  
Harsha Rathore
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Organ System ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Organ Systems

With a continuous increase in Covid-19 cases, patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 have shown a wide variety of symptoms including fever, shortness of breath, cough, myalgia, dizziness, headache, impaired consciousness, abdominal pain and diarrhoea. Lab studies have shown higher leukocyte counts and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), decreased lymphocytes, increased prothrombin time and a partial thromboplastin time, increased serum lactate dehydrogenase, ferritin and various other markers, indicating multiple organ system dysfunction including respiratory system, immune system, nervous system and gastrointestinal tract. Apart from these, heart and kidneys are also found to be affected in some patients. Patients presenting with previous history of diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, kidney diseases, pregnant females, neonates, immunosuppressed patients, and aged people have shown poor prognosis of disease. Various studies suggest possible reasons of multiple organ dysfunctions including wide distribution of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptors, cytokine storm and hypercoagulability of blood. We have listed the various organ systems affected by the virus and possible explanations as to why and how these organ systems are affected. SARS-CoV-2 outbreak has caused a global pandemic, with more than 33,400,000 confirmed cases of Covid-19, including more than 1,000,000 deaths, reported to World Health Organization (WHO) globally till 30 September 2020. 1 with a basic reproductive number estimated to be 2.2 (1.4 - 3.9) the virus spread is very fast affecting many individuals across the globe. 2 One of the major causes of efficient spread of SARS-CoV-2 in humans is the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors, used by the virus to enter the cells. 3 Hence, wide distribution of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors in body including lungs, kidney, bladder, gastrointestinal tract, heart, central nervous system and peripheral nervous system4 and even placenta5 is one of the reasons the virus is found to affect these organs. Two closely related viruses causing Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) were also found to affect multiple organ systems. SARS‐CoV-1 was found in the respiratory pathway (trachea, bronchus, lung), gastrointestinal tract (stomach, small intestines), glands (sweat gland, liver, pancreas, parathyroid, pituitary, adrenal gland), renal system (convoluted renal tubules) and brain tissue (cerebrum) in the autopsy samples of patients who died because of severe acute respiratory syndrome. 6 Respiratory, circulatory, gastrointestinal, haematological, renal and hepatological symptoms were also found to be affected in patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome infection. 7 Though the virus is found to affect multiple organ systems, the underlying mechanisms are not clearly understood.

scholarly journals Long-lasting facilitation of respiratory rhythm by treatment with TRPA1 agonist, cinnamaldehyde

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 989-998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariho Tani ◽  
Itaru Yazawa ◽  
Keiko Ikeda ◽  
Kiyoshi Kawakami ◽  
Hiroshi Onimaru
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential ◽  
Trp Channels ◽  
Respiratory Rhythm ◽  
Receptor Potential ◽  
Allyl Isothiocyanate ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Subsequent Decrease

The transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are widely distributed in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system. We examined the effects of TRP ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) agonists (cinnamaldehyde and allyl isothiocyanate) on respiratory rhythm generation in brainstem-spinal cord preparations from newborn rats [postnatal days 0–3 (P0–P3)] and in in situ-perfused preparations from juvenile rats (P11–P13). Preparations were superfused with modified Krebs solution at 25–26°C, and activity of inspiratory C4 ventral root (or phrenic nerve) was monitored. In the newborn rat, an in vitro preparation of cinnamaldehyde (0.5 mM) induced typically biphasic responses in C4 rate: an initial short increase and subsequent decrease, then a gradual recovery of rhythm during 15 min of bath application. After washout, the respiratory rhythm rate further increased, remaining 200% of control for >120 min, indicating long-lasting facilitation. Allyl isothiocyanate induced effects similar to those of cinnamaldehyde. The long-lasting facilitation of respiratory rhythm was partially antagonized by the TRPA1 antagonist HC-030031 (10 μM). We obtained similar long-lasting facilitation in an in situ-perfused reparation from P11–P13 rats. On the basis of results from transection experiments of the rostral medulla and whole-cell recordings from preinspiratory neurons in the parafacial respiratory group (pFRG), we suggest that the rostral medulla, including the pFRG, is important to the induction of long-lasting facilitation. A histochemical analysis demonstrated a wide distribution of TRPA1 channel-positive cells in the reticular formation of the medulla, including the pFRG. Our findings suggest that TRPA1 channel activation could induce long-lasting facilitation of respiratory rhythm and provide grounds for future study on the roles of TRPA1 channels in the CNS.

scholarly journals On the technique of staining the central nervous system according to marchi

2020 ◽  
Vol V (2) ◽  
pp. 156-164
Author(s):  
O. K. Telyatnik
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
The Central Nervous System

As is known, the method of coloring the central nervous system, proposed by Marchi, has received at the present time a very wide distribution because of its undoubted and irreplaceable merits. In fact, when using this method, anyone involved in the anatomy of the nervous system can obtain results that are so convincing in terms of the clarity of the picture that the student sees on the preparation, that, having explained this method of staining, he would hardly prefer another to him in similar cases. any way out of the known at the present time.

Neurotropic enteroviruses co-opt “fair-weather-friend” commensal gut microbiota to drive host infection and central nervous system disturbances

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin B. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Infection Cycle ◽  
Fair Weather ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Animal Hosts ◽  
Host Infection ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Conditions

Abstract Some neurotropic enteroviruses hijack Trojan horse/raft commensal gut bacteria to render devastating biomimicking cryptic attacks on human/animal hosts. Such virus-microbe interactions manipulate hosts’ gut-brain axes with accompanying infection-cycle-optimizing central nervous system (CNS) disturbances, including severe neurodevelopmental, neuromotor, and neuropsychiatric conditions. Co-opted bacteria thus indirectly influence host health, development, behavior, and mind as possible “fair-weather-friend” symbionts, switching from commensal to context-dependent pathogen-like strategies benefiting gut-bacteria fitness.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document