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<p>Renewable energy (RE)-powered base stations (BSs)
have been considered as an attractive solution to address the
exponential increasing energy demand in cellular networks while
decreasing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. For the regions where
reliable power grids are insufficient and infeasible to deploy, such
as aerial platforms and harsh environments, RE has been an
alternative power source for BSs. In this survey paper, we provide
an overview of RE-enabled cellular networks, detailing their
analysis, classification, and related works. First, we introduce the
key components of RE-powered BSs along with their frequently
adopted models. Second, we analyze the proposed strategies and
design issues for RE-powered BSs that can be incorporated into
cellular networks and categorize them into several groups to
provide a good grasp. Third, we introduce feasibility studies
on RE-powered BSs based on the recent literature. Fourth,
we investigate RE-powered network components other than
terrestrial BSs to address potential issues regarding RE-enabled
networks. Finally, we suggest future research directions and
conclusions.
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Multivariable passive method for detection of islanding events in renewable energy based power grids
