scholarly journals The Effect of Different Bags on Chlorophyll and Carotenoids in the Peel of Chinhuang Mango

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 02026
Author(s):  
Ma Zhi Ling ◽  
Wei Chang Bin
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
White Paper ◽  
Fruit Peel ◽  
Ripening Process ◽  
Control Fruit ◽  
Orange Yellow ◽  
Golden Yellow ◽  
Black Paper ◽  
Normal Storage ◽  
Composite Paper

The effect of different fruit bags on the content of chlorophyll and carotenoids in the fruit peel of Chinhuang mango during normal storage and after-ripening process was studied. The results showed that the content of chlorophyll and carotenoid in the bag was significantly lower than that of the control fruit. The skin color of the white paper bag fruit and the no bagged bag fruit was green during the green ripening process, while the outer yellow inner black paper bag fruit showed a yellow green halo. When ripe, the control fruit is yellowish green and orange red. The white paper bag fruit is greenish orange yellow, and the outside yellow inside black composite paper bag fruit is golden yellow.

The Staircase Gelb Illusion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Gilchrist
Keyword(s):  
White Paper ◽  
Perceived Values ◽  
Black Paper

Adhemar Gelb showed that if a piece of black paper is suspended in midair and illuminated by a projector, it appears white. However, when a white paper is brought into the projector beam and placed next to or surrounding the black paper, the black paper once again appears black. In the staircase Gelb illusion, a succession of increasingly lighter papers, dark gray, middle gray, light gray, and finally white, is brought into the projector beam. Each time a lighter paper is added it appears white, and this causes the prior paper to darken, due to the highest luminance rule of anchoring. When all five shades are present within the beam, the gamut of perceived values is compressed relative to the actual values. The compression requires the simultaneous juxtaposition of different illumination levels and illustrates the codetermination principle of Kardos.

Mathesis

1927 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 459-465
Author(s):  
Ella Brownell
Keyword(s):  
Ice Cream ◽  
White Paper ◽  
Black Paper ◽  
Front Stage

The scene is an underground studio or workshop. Incense is burning in a large black kettle hanging from a black tripod at front of stage. A red electric bulb under the kettle is surrounded by sticks of kindling wood. Two large portable blackboards are placed one at each side of front stage. Small table with white paper spread ornamented with black paper figures (circle, trapezoid, triangle, etc.) is concealed behind left blackboard. On the table are the following articles: cardboard cylinder, three ice cream cones filled with sand and having same base and height as cylinder. Two eighteen-inch boxes at right front stage covered with white paper and ornamented with black circles to imitate dice.

scholarly journals Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) breeding priorities based on a survey among Puerto Rican consumers

1969 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel E. Carbonell ◽  
Linda Wessel-Beaver ◽  
Felicita Varela ◽  
Brunilda Luciano
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Breeding Program ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Cucurbita Moschata ◽  
Orange Yellow

A sample survey of consumer preferences was conducted in order to determine what characteristics should be given highest priority in a pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) breeding program for Puerto Rico. A total of 527 people from all regions of the island participated in the survey. Very few preference differences were found due to regions, age groups, sex, or frequency of consumption. Pulp color was the most important characteristic considered when purchasing pumpkin. Most participants preferred an orange-yellow internal color. Skin color was also an important consideration. Respondents strongly preferred a 'pinta' or piebald pumpkin skin. Fruit size was important to many surveyed: most preferred a medium size fruit. Most respondents said they bought pieces rather than whole fruit. Skin type and fruit shape were not important considerations for most respondents. In addition to selection for increased yield, a pumpkin breeding program for Puerto Rico should emphasize selection of genotypes with deep orange-yellow pulp, a 'pinta' skin color and medium-sized fruits.

scholarly journals A Poststorage Burst of 6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one (MHO) May Be Related to Superficial Scald Development in `Cortland' Apples

1999 ◽  
Vol 124 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazir Mir ◽  
Rufino Perez ◽  
Randolph M. Beaudry
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Vapor Phase ◽  
Oxidation Product ◽  
Maximal Level ◽  
Fruit Peel ◽  
Superficial Scald ◽  
Holding Period ◽  
Control Fruit ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
Control Samples

`Cortland' apples (Malus ×domestica Borkh.), either untreated or treated with diphenylamine (DPA), were stored for 120 days in air at 0 °C. Peel samples were taken from these fruit immediately after storage, placed in glass vials and incubated for 48 hours, or were isolated from fruit held 2 to 72 hours at 22 °C and incubated in the vials for 2 hours. Emission of 3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-1,3(E),6(E),10-tetraene, known as trans,trans-α-farnesene, or simply α-farnesene, and its oxidation product, MHO, were measured in the vial headspace. α-Farnesene content in the gas phase of vials with peel samples reached a maximal level 2 hours after vials were sealed and was higher in DPA-treated than untreated fruit. The content of α-farnesene in the vial headspace remained unchanged for DPA-treated fruit peel during the 2-day holding period. However, α-farnesene declined rapidly after 10 hours incubation for control samples. Incubating peel samples of control fruit under N2 atmosphere prevented the decline in α-farnesene. The MHO release by the peel of control fruit was rapid during the first 2 hours and continued to increase for 24 hours. In contrast, the MHO released from DPA-treated fruit peels was 8000-fold lower than from peel samples of control fruit. The increase in vapor phase MHO was concomitant with peel browning in controls. For whole fruit held at 22 °C for 2 to 72 hours, cumulative MHO release from fruit peels followed a pattern that was similar to the pattern of superficial scald development in these fruit.

scholarly journals Quality maintenance of ‘Laetitia’ plum by application of 1- methylcyclopropene, ethanol vapor and heat treatment

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 312-321
Author(s):  
Mariuccia Schlichting De Martin ◽  
Cristiano André Steffens ◽  
Diego Fernando Pavarin ◽  
Marília Farias Rodrigues ◽  
Cassandro Vidal Talamine do Amarante ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Ethanol Vapor ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Flesh Firmness ◽  
Control Fruit ◽  
Flesh Browning

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), ethanol and heat treatment on ripening behavior and internal browning occurrence of ‘Laetitia’ plum stored under regular air. The treatments were: control, 1-MCP (1,0 µL L-1), ethanol (500 and 1500 µL L-1) and heat treatment (37 and 40 °C) for 24 h. Fruit were stored under regular air for 25 or 35 d at 0.5±0,1 °C and 96±1% relative humidity (RH), and assessed for respiration rate, ethylene production, skin color, flesh firmness, titratable acidity, soluble solids content, incidence of decay and incidence and severity of internal flesh browning. In both storage periods, immediately at removal from cold room, fruit from all the treatments showed lower respiration rate and ethylene production than control fruit. Ethanol vapor at 1500 µL L-1, 1-MCP at 1,0 µL L-1 and heat treatment at 40 °C allowed a less reddish skin after 35 d of storage, as well as higher flesh firmness and lower intensity of internal flesh browning than control fruit, in both evaluated storage periods. In either 25 or 35 d of storage period, heat treatment at 40 °C increased the occurrence of decay. All the treatments provided lower incidence of internal flesh browning than control fruit in both evaluations. The postharvest application of ethanol at 1500 µL L-1, 1-MCP at 1,0 µL L-1 and heat treatment at 40 °C for 24 h delay the ripening process and reduce the incidence of internal flesh browning of ‘Laetitia’ plum.

New Experiments on Colour Vision in Bees

1939 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
MATHILDE HERTZ
Keyword(s):  
Visible Light ◽  
Visible Spectrum ◽  
Ultra Violet ◽  
White Paper ◽  
The Other ◽  
Green Paper ◽  
Violet Light ◽  
Orange Yellow ◽  
Two Peaks ◽  
Do So

Under the condition of full, normal daylight illumination a surface which reflects a fair proportion of ultra-violet, as well as the visible spectrum, is neutral or white in the vision of the bee. If the percentage of reflexion of 3600 A. is less than one-third, or about one-quarter, of the percentage of reflexion in the visible light, a degree of coloration is obtained which is sufficient to be noticed by the bees in training experiments. When both are placed under ultra-violet absorbing filters, white paper in the vision of the bee most closely resembles a blue-green paper that possesses the highest amount of reflexion at 4900 A. Bees which have been trained to visit a blue-green surface covered by a filter glass do not do so any longer, if, by removing the filter, ultra-violet light is added to the reflexion. The paper that possesses now two peaks of maximum reflexion, one at 4900 and the other at 3600 A., appears a light grey to the bee. On the other hand, when bees have been trained to visit an ultra-violet surface--white paper under a filter that absorbs the visible light completely--do not do so any longer if by lifting the filter the whole range of visible light is added to the reflexion of ultra-violet. The white paper at once becomes unattractive to the bee. There remains no doubt, that among the four qualities of colour discriminated by the bee (see Fig. 1) the first and the third on one side and the second and fourth on the other are complementary colours for this insect and presumably for many others. In the European flowers visited by bees three principal colours are now finally known: (1) that colour which is perceived if the main bulk of light reflected by the petals lies between 6500 and 4900 A. (orange-yellow for bee and man), (2) that which is perceived if the reflexion extends from 4900 to 4000 or 3500 A. (blue-violet for bee and man), and (3) that which is perceived if the reflexion extends from 6500 A., or nearer to the red end of the visible spectrum, to 4000 A. (blue-green for the bee, but white, pink, light purple, bluish or yellowish for man). Ultra-violet seems never to occur in European flowers in such a way as to make petals which are brilliantly white for man to appear equally white for the bee.

scholarly journals Peach Latent Mosaic Viroid Reduces Tree Growth and Affects Fruit Quality in Peach

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 850C-850
Author(s):  
Gregory Reighard* ◽  
David Ouellette ◽  
Kathy Brock ◽  
Duy Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Blot Hybridization ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Dot Blot ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Control Fruit ◽  
Fruit Maturity

`Coronet' peach on Lovell rootstock was planted near Clemson, S.C., in Dec. 1995 in 4 rows (= reps) 6.1 meters apart with trees 2.2 meters apart in-row. Trees were trained to a Kearney-V. In the 2nd leaf (Aug. 1997), `Ta Tao 5' buds were grafted to half (= 6-tree plot) the trees in each row. These trees received 2 `Ta Tao 5' chip buds infected with Peach Latent Mosaic Viroid (PLMVd) per scaffold at ≈0.75 to 1.15 m above ground. Dot blot hybridization confirmed that the chip buds successfully (100%) inoculated the treated trees, whereas the controls tested negative. Data collected in 2003 included bloom date, tree size, dormant and summer pruning times, fruit maturity date, fruit yield, mean fruit weight, skin color, soluble solids, flesh firmness, titratable acidity, and pH. Flowering and fruit maturity were delayed by ≈4 days in PLMVd-inoculated (PI) trees. PI trees produced larger fruit, but yield was 23% less than that of non-inoculated trees. Both fruit size and yield had been larger in PI trees in previous years. There were no differences in yield efficiency in 2003, but PI trees were 26% smaller in trunk cross-sectional area and 9% shorter. PI trees took 34% and 23% less time to dormant and summer prune, respectively and had 34% and 28% less wood removed by dormant and summer pruning, respectively than control trees. PLMVd increased fruit firmness, and PLMVd fruit lost firmness at a much slower rate. PLMVd did not significantly affect skin color, but PLMVD fruit were slightly less red. Soluble solid levels were higher in PLMVd fruit than control fruit during the first harvest, but were lower by the last harvest. Acidity was significantly higher and the soluble solids to acidity ratio significantly lower in PLMVd fruit. Control fruit had a slightly higher pH.

scholarly journals Exposure of the Shaded Side of Apple Fruit to Full Sun Leads to Up-regulation of Both the Xanthophyll Cycle and the Ascorbate-glutathione Cycle

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 887A-887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng wang Ma ◽  
Lailiang Cheng*
Keyword(s):  
Xanthophyll Cycle ◽  
Sun Exposure ◽  
Pool Size ◽  
Monodehydroascorbate Reductase ◽  
Enzymatic Antioxidants ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Fruit Peel ◽  
Photosystem Ii Efficiency ◽  
Control Fruit ◽  
Glutathione Cycle

About 80 days after full bloom, well-exposed fruit on the south part of the canopy of mature Liberty/M.9 apple trees were randomly assigned to one of the following two treatments. Some fruit were turned about 180 degrees to expose the original shaded side to full sun whereas the rest served as untreated controls. On day 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, and 10 after treatment, fruit peel samples were taken from the original shaded side of the treated fruit and both the sun-exposed side and the shaded side of the control fruit at midday to determine photosynthetic pigments and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Maximum photosystem II efficiency of the original shaded side decreased sharply after 1 day exposure to full sun, and then gradually recovered to a similar value of the sun-exposed side of the control fruit by day 10. The shaded side of the control fruit had much lower xanthophyll cycle pool size and conversion and antioxidant enzymes and soluble antioxidants of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle than the sun-exposed side. In response to full sun exposure, xanthophyll cycle pool size of the original shaded side increased, reaching a similar value of the sun-exposed side by day 10. Ascorbate peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, and glutathione reductase and total pool size and reduction state of both ascorbate and glutathione of the original shaded side all increased to the corresponding values found in the sun-exposed side of the control fruit over a 10-day period. It is concluded that both xanthophyll cycle and the ascorbate-glutathione cycle in the original shaded side are up-regulated in response to fullsun exposure to minimize photo-oxidative damage and contributes to its re-acclimation to full sun.

scholarly journals Skin Color in `Newtown' Apples Treated with Calcium Nitrate, Urea, `Diphenylamine, and a Film Coating

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 775-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Meheriuk
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Film Coating ◽  
Polymeric Coating ◽  
Control Fruit ◽  
Bitter Pit ◽  
Comparable Control

`Newtown' apples (Malus domestics Borkh.) treated weekly with urea at 10 g·liter-l or Ca(NO3)2 at 7.5 g·liter-1 for 5 consecutive weeks from late August were greener at harvest and during storage than comparable control fruit. A postharvest dip in Nutri-Save, a polymeric coating, was better for retention of skin greenness than a dip in diphenylamine and both gave greener apples than control (nondipped) fruit. Fruit treated with Ca(NO3)2 displayed lesions that were larger and more numerous than typical bitter pit in the control fruit.

Flat embeddment of monolayer cells, tissue sections, and other cellular materials attached onto glass substrate

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 766-767
Author(s):  
Jeffrey P. Chang ◽  
Jaang J. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Present Report ◽  
Cellular Materials ◽  
Cover Glass ◽  
Tissue Sections ◽  
Embedding Technique ◽  
Exfoliated Cells ◽  
Black Paper ◽  
Cell Concentrations ◽  
Flat Embedding

Flat embeddment of certain specimens for electron microscopy is necessary for three classes of biological materials: namely monolayer cells, tissue sections of paraffin or plastics, as well as cell concentrations, exfoliated cells, and cell smears. The present report concerns a flat-embedding technique which can be applied to all these three classes of materials and which is a modified and improved version of Chang's original methodology.Preparation of coverglasses and microslides. Chemically cleaned coverglasses, 11 × 22 mm or other sizes, are laid in rows on black paper. Ink-mark one coner for identifying the spray-side of the glass for growing cells. Lightly spray with Teflon monomer (Heddy/Contact Inductries, Paterson, NO 07524, U.S.A.) from a pressurized can. Bake the sprayed glasses at 500°F for 45 min on Cover-Glass Ceramic Racks (A. Thomas Co. Philadelphia), for Teflon to polymerize.Monolayer Cells. After sterilization, the Teflon-treated coverglasses, with cells attached, are treated or fixed in situ in Columbia staining dishes (A. Thomas Co., Philadelphia) for subsequent processing.

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