scholarly journals Study and evaluation the Marshes and surrounding areas in south of Iraq

2020 ◽  
Vol 150 ◽  
pp. 03011
Author(s):  
Husam Al-Nussairi ◽  
Khalida Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Land Degradation ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Soil Productivity ◽  
Hydrochemical Characteristics ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
Tigris River ◽  
South Of Iraq ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
Southern Iraq

In this study, the marshlands in southern Iraq were investigated, focusing on the Hawizeh Marshlands and adjacent areas, by studying the scenario and quantities of water, in addition to the hydraulic and hydrochemical characteristics. To accomplish the objects of this study the researcher visited some fields, made interview with farmers, specialists, authorities and directorates related to this study. The results of this study indicate that there are a huge problem existed in the drainage systems with absence of natural outlets, the discharges of drainage water is towards Al- Hawizeh marsh which flow back its water into Tigris river through several canals, increasing salinity, scare of water, miss-use of land, lack of governments efforts to promote agricultural production leads to loss of soil productivity and land degradation.

Evaluation of tephra for removing phosphorus from dairy farm drainage waters

Soil Research ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 542 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Hanly ◽  
M. J. Hedley ◽  
D. J. Horne
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
P Adsorption ◽  
Drainage Waters ◽  
P Removal

Research was conducted in the Manawatu region, New Zealand, to investigate the ability of Papakai tephra to remove phosphorus (P) from dairy farm mole and pipe drainage waters. The capacity of this tephra to adsorb P was quantified in the laboratory using a series of column experiments and was further evaluated in a field study. In a column experiment, the P adsorption capabilities of 2 particle size factions (0.25–1, 1–2 mm) of Papakai tephra were compared with that of an Allophanic Soil (Patua soil) known to have high P adsorption properties. The experiment used a synthetic P influent solution (12 mg P/L) and a solution residence time in the columns of c. 35 min. By the end of the experiment, the 0.25–1 mm tephra removed an estimated 2.6 mg P/g tephra at an average P removal efficiency of 86%. The 1–2 mm tephra removed 1.6 mg P/g tephra at an average removal efficiency of 58%. In comparison, the Patua soil removed 3.1 mg P/g soil at a P removal efficiency of 86%. Although, the Patua soil was sieved to 1–2 mm, this size range consisted of aggregates of finer particles, which is likely to have contributed to this material having a higher P adsorbing capacity. A field study was established on a Pallic Soil, under grazed dairy pastures, to compare drainage water P concentrations from standard mole and pipe drainage systems (control) and drainage systems incorporating Papakai tephra. The 2 tephra treatments involved filling mole channels with 1–4 mm tephra (Mole-fill treatment) or filling the trench above intercepting drainage pipes with ‘as received’ tephra (Back-fill treatment). Over an entire winter drainage season, the quantity of total P (TP) lost from the control treatment drainage system was 0.30 kg P/ha. The average TP losses for the Mole-fill and the Back-fill treatments were 45% and 47% lower than the control treatment, respectively.

scholarly journals Short-term effect of a crop-livestock-forestry system on soil, water and nutrient loss in the Cerrado-Amazon ecotone

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-112
Author(s):  
Cornélio Alberto ZOLIN ◽  
Eduardo da Silva MATOS ◽  
Ciro Augusto de Souza MAGALHÃES ◽  
Janaína PAULINO ◽  
Rattan LAL ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Land Degradation ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Environmental Conservation ◽  
Nutrient Loss ◽  
Soil Productivity ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Eucalyptus Plantation ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Total Soil

ABSTRACT Soil, water, and nutrient loss by water erosion are among the main factors leading to land degradation, decreasing soil productivity and the provision of ecosystem services. The Cerrado-Amazon ecotone in western Brazil has suffered rapid land-use cover changes with impacts on soil erosion and land degradation. Despite the importance of the region for Brazilian agriculture and environmental conservation, studies on soil, water, and nutrient loss are still scarce. We tested integrated crop-livestock-forestry (ICLF) as a sustainable agriculture management system for the Cerrado-Amazon ecotone region. A field experiment was established in the north of Mato Grosso state to quantify total soil, water, carbon and nitrogen loss during the rainy season in 2012-2013 in plots of integrated crop-forestry (ICF), pasture (PAST), eucalyptus plantation (EUC), no-tillage crop succession (CS) and bare soil (BS). Total soil, water, carbon and nitrogen losses in BS were, on average, 96.7% higher than in ICF, EUC, PAST, and CS. ICF had significantly lower water loss than CS, EUC and PAST. Total loss of carbon (4.3 - 428.2 kg ha-1) and nitrogen (0.3 - 29.2 kg ha-1) differed significantly among treatments. The production systems with tree components (EUC and ICF) and PAST showed reduced soil and nutrients loss compared to CS. Our results demonstrated that ICLF can avoid soil quality loss and thus improve agriculture sustainability in the Cerrado-Amazon ecotone.

scholarly journals An Integrated Microfacies and Well Logs-Based Reservoir Characterization of Yamama Formation, Southern Iraq

2021 ◽  
pp. 3570-3586
Author(s):  
Mohanad M. Al-Ghuribawi ◽  
Rasha F. Faisal
Keyword(s):  
Reservoir Characterization ◽  
Water Saturation ◽  
Effective Porosity ◽  
Well Logs ◽  
Petrophysical Properties ◽  
Reservoir Properties ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Porosity And Permeability ◽  
South Of Iraq ◽  
Southern Iraq

     The Yamama Formation includes important carbonates reservoir that belongs to the Lower Cretaceous sequence in Southern Iraq. This study covers two oil fields (Sindbad and Siba) that are distributed Southeastern Basrah Governorate, South of Iraq. Yamama reservoir units were determined based on the study of cores, well logs, and petrographic examination of thin sections that required a detailed integration of geological data and petrophysical properties. These parameters were integrated in order to divide the Yamama Formation into six reservoir units (YA0, YA1, YA2, YB1, YB2 and YC), located between five cap rock units. The best facies association and petrophysical properties were found in the shoal environment, where the most common porosity types were the primary (interparticle) and secondary (moldic and vugs) . The main diagenetic process that occurred in YA0, YA2, and YB1 is cementation, which led to the filling of pore spaces by cement and subsequently decreased the reservoir quality (porosity and permeability). Based on the results of the final digital  computer interpretation and processing (CPI) performed by using the Techlog software, the units YA1 and YB2 have the best reservoir properties. The unit YB2 is characterized by a good effective porosity average, low water saturation, good permeability, and large thickness that distinguish it from other reservoir units.

scholarly journals Integrated Assessment of Environmental Effects from Agricultural Production

1991 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
John G. Lee ◽  
Stephen B. Lovejoy
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Quality ◽  
Resource Use ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Complex Interaction ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Soil Productivity ◽  
Environmental Effectiveness

Agriculture's impact on the environment is a complex research problem. A challenge to future economic research is to account for the interrelationship between agricultural production activities, soil productivity, erosion, and water quality. It will become increasingly important to determine not only the economic consequences, but also the environmental effectiveness of alternative policies aimed at improving resource use and quality. The application of biophysical simulation models to environmental quality problems provides a means to better understand the complex interaction between agricultural production and environmental quality.

Impact of drainage type on simultaneous nitrogen losses in Atlantic Canada

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-79
Author(s):  
Erin L. Smith ◽  
Amanda Vosman ◽  
Lisa Kellman ◽  
Vernon Rodd
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Controlled Drainage ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
N Loading ◽  
Conventional Systems ◽  
Insight Into

Nitrogen (N) losses from agricultural tile drainage systems are environmental and economic losses for producers. This field study quantified N losses from three reps of shallow (SD), deep/conventional (DD), and controlled drainage (CD) on farmland in Nova Scotia. Drainage systems were under corn and alfalfa–oats–clover production. Outflow water and gas samples were obtained and analyzed for nitrate and nitrous oxide. Nitrate-N loads were 5.0, 11.1, and 6.4 kg ha−1 in 2015; 1.8, 6.7, and 2.8 kg ha−1 in 2016; and 0.74, 1.8, and 1.6 kg ha−1 in 2017 for SD, DD, and CD, respectively. Controlled drainage reduced NO3−-N loading by 42.3%–58.2% when compared with the conventional/DD in 2 of 3 yr of study, whereas SD was found to reduce NO3−-N loading by 54.9%–73.1% compared with DD in all years studied. Total NO3−-N losses in this study were measured during the growing season (1 Apr. to 31 Oct.); the magnitude of NO3−-N losses and treatment effects may vary if studied year-round. Nitrous oxide fluxes were variable and low in magnitude throughout the study. Cumulated N2O losses were <1% of the applied N for all drainage types. Controlled drainage increased yields compared with SD and DD. The use of CD in the region could aid in reducing climate stresses, as well as overall NO3−-N loads exiting drainage systems and may enhance crop yields compared with conventional systems. Future studies on dissolved N2O losses from drainage water may provide important insight into whether dissolved N2O losses exceed surface emissions.

Measuring the Impact of Land Degradation on Agricultural Production: A Multi-Disciplinery Approach

1999 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 68 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Drost ◽  
W. C. Mahaney ◽  
M. Bezada ◽  
V. Kalm
Keyword(s):  
Land Degradation ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
The Impact

Rust precipitates in drainage systems of peaty acid sulphate soils in Finland

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markku Yli-Halla ◽  
Jarkko Kekkonen ◽  
Timo Lötjönen ◽  
Hannu Marttila
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Humic Substances ◽  
Iron Hydroxide ◽  
Iron Concentration ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
Acid Sulphate ◽  
Dissolved Iron ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Drainage Waters

&lt;p&gt;Clogging of subsurface pipe drainage systems by rust precipitates is a problem in many cultivated areas and especially on the coast of Ostrobothnia, northwestern Finland. The subsurface drainage pipes need to be flushed every few years to remove the rust, which causes additional maintenance costs. These problems are particularly common in acid sulphate (AS) soils that have peat horizons on top of sulfidic materials. These soils are often wet, and the drainage water contains high dissolved iron concentration, commonly above 20 mg l&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;. Reducing conditions prevail in certain horizons and oxidation of sulfidic minerals and low pH are typical of the horizons above, all resulting in mobilization of several elements. Upon entering the aerobic drainage pipe dissolved iron is oxidized and readily precipitates as rust. In dry summers, the precipitate is typically hardened and the whole pipe drainage system can be blocked. Minerals containing sulphur (S) may also be precipitated in the pipes. The fresh precipitates can adsorb heavy metals that occur in substantial concentrations in AS drainage waters. In this study, 10 rust samples were collected from ditches and wells. All sites, except one, had a 20-70 cm peaty topsoil. A comprehensive chemical analysis was carried out and the precipitates were investigated with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Colours of the samples were strong brown or reddish yellow (Munsell notation 7.5YR 5/6-6/8). Silicon content was only 0.3-0.9%, indicating the absence of actual soil material in the precipitates. The material contained 27-49% organic matter (1.9 x C), co-precipitated from the humic substances of drainage water. Iron was by far the most abundant element. If all Fe is contained in ferrihydrite (66% Fe), this mineral constituted 35-63% (mean 46%) of the precipitate while aluminium hydroxide (34% Al) constituted 0.7-9% (mean 5%). Even though most drainage waters were rich in S (commonly above 40 mg l&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;, the maximum S concentration of the precipitates was only 1.9% and the mean at 0.7%. Sulphur-containing minerals jarosite and schwertmannite were not detected in the SEM images, either, suggesting that these minerals are not precipitated from AS drainage waters. Dissolved heavy metals are leached from AS soils but they were not markedly co-precipitated in our samples. The mean concentration of Cd was only 1 mg kg&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; and Ni 12 mg kg&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;, Cr 33 mg kg&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;, Cu and Zn 32 mg kg&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; while Mn was more abundant, 355 mg kg&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;. In our peaty AS soils there is thus substantial mobilization of Fe and a flux out of the soil and a new solid phase is formed in the drainage pipes and ditches constituting mostly of iron hydroxide and humic substances. If dredged, application of this material onto the fields seems not to pose major environmental hazards.&lt;/p&gt;

Prediction of phosphorus concentration in tile-drainage water from the Montreal Lowlands soils

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Beauchemin ◽  
R. R. Simard ◽  
M. A. Bolinder ◽  
M. C. Nolin ◽  
D. Cluis
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Tile Drainage ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Surface Soils ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
Soil P ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Soil Units ◽  
Total P

Subsurface drainage systems can be a significant pathway for P transfer from some soils to surface waters. The objective of the study was to determine P concentration in tile-drainage water and its relationship to P status in surface soils (A horizons) from an intensively cultivated area in the Montreal Lowlands. The profiles of 43 soil units were characterized for their P contents and pedogenic properties. Tile-drainage water P concentrations were monitored over a 3-y r period on a weekly basis on 10 soil units, and four times during each growing season for the other 33 units. The soil units were grouped into lower and higher P sorbing soils using multiple discriminant equations developed in an earlier related study. The A horizons of the lower P sorbing soils had an elevated P saturation degree [mean Mehlich(III) P/Al = 17%] associated with total P concentrations in tile-drainage water consistently greater than the surface water quality standard of 0.03 mg total P L-1. Conversely, low P concentrations in tile-drainage waters (< 0.03 mg L-1) and a moderate mean Mehlich(III) P/Al ratio of 8% were observed in the higher P sorbing soil group. Total P concentrations in drainage systems were significantly related to soil P status in surface soils. Grouping soils according to their P sorption capacities increased the power of prediction based on only one soil variable. However, accurate predictions in terms of drain P concentration can hardly be obtained unless large dataset and other factors related to field management practices and hydrology of the sites are also considered. Therefore, a better alternative to predict the risk of P leaching is to work in terms of risk classes and rely on a multiple factor index. Key words: Tile-drainage water, phosphorus, P transfer, P loss, degree of soil P saturation, phosphorus index

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