scholarly journals Modern means of assessing the impact of emergencies on the environmental condition of the ground layer of atmosphere

2021 ◽  
Vol 280 ◽  
pp. 09017
Author(s):  
Anastasiia Turevych ◽  
Svitlana Madzhd ◽  
Larysa Cherniak ◽  
Anatoliy Pavlyuk ◽  
Vincent Ojeh
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Ecological Monitoring ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Operational Monitoring ◽  
Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Raising Awareness ◽  
Functional Scheme ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
The Impact

The problem of emergencies will not leave humanity as long as it exists, and therefore it is necessary to at least create conditions under which it is possible to reduce the risks of injuries, diseases and deaths of people who are in the emergency zone. This can be achieved by raising awareness of the nature of the emergency, the hazardous substances that are released in connection with it. Theoretical analysis of various remote means of assessing the impact of emergencies of man-made areas on the ecological state of the atmospheric air of the surrounding areas. It has been found that the use of remote sensing equipment greatly simplifies the procedure of operational monitoring of the environment during emergencies, as well as contributes to the health of professionals. A comparison of different remote means of environmental monitoring of air quality was performed: In particular, stationary automatic stations, mobile automatic stations, probes, and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) were compared. It is proposed to use UAVs as remote means of operational monitoring of air quality. The functional scheme of UAV system implementation for the needs of operative ecological monitoring is offered. The legal features of the use of unmanned aerial vehicles as remote means of monitoring air quality during emergencies are analyzed.

scholarly journals An Overview of Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Air Quality Measurements: Present Applications and Future Prospectives

Sensors ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 1072 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tommaso Villa ◽  
Felipe Gonzalez ◽  
Branka Miljievic ◽  
Zoran Ristovski ◽  
Lidia Morawska
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Air Quality Measurements ◽  
Quality Measurements

scholarly journals Enhanced Particle Swarm Optimization for Path Planning of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-78
Author(s):  
Kai Yit Kok ◽  
Parvathy Rajendran
Keyword(s):  
Particle Swarm Optimization ◽  
Path Planning ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Particle Swarm ◽  
Swarm Optimization ◽  
Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Trial And Error Method ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Enhanced Particle Swarm Optimization ◽  
Error Method

This paper presents an enhanced particle swarm optimization (PSO) for the path planning of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). An evolutionary algorithm such as PSO is costly because every application requires different parameter settings to maximize the performance of the analyzed parameters. People generally use the trial-and-error method or refer to the recommended setting from general problems. The former is time consuming, while the latter is usually not the optimum setting for various specific applications. Hence, this study focuses on analyzing the impact of input parameters on the PSO performance in UAV path planning using various complex terrain maps with adequate repetitions to solve the tuning issue. Results show that inertial weight parameter is insignificant, and a 1.4 acceleration coefficient is optimum for UAV path planning. In addition, the population size between 40 and 60 seems to be the optimum setting based on the case studies.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the impact of meteorological conditions on the amount of air pollution in Krakow

2019 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 02012
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Piaskowska-Silarska ◽  
Krzysztof Pytel ◽  
Stanisław Gumuła ◽  
Wiktor Hudy
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Ecological Monitoring ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
Pollution Problem ◽  
Air Quality Improvement ◽  
Meteorological Elements ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. The publication presents an assessment of the impact of meteorological conditions on air quality in a given location. The subject matter of the work is related to problem-review issues in the field of environmental protection and energy management. The publication draws attention to the fact that despite several decades of ecological monitoring of air pollution, only in recent years attention has been paid to the scale of air pollution problem. The study examined the relationship between meteorological elements (wind velocity, relative humidity on the amount of air pollution immissions. Significant impact of precipitation, atmospheric pressure and thermal braking layer was indicated. The possibilities of air quality improvement were presented based on the measurement data concerning the immission of impurities.

scholarly journals Approaching birds with drones: first experiments and ethical guidelines

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 20140754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Vas ◽  
Amélie Lescroël ◽  
Olivier Duriez ◽  
Guillaume Boguszewski ◽  
David Grémillet
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Ecological Research ◽  
Ethical Guidelines ◽  
Wetland Area ◽  
Physiological Indicators ◽  
Approach Distance ◽  
Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Approach Speed ◽  
The Impact

Unmanned aerial vehicles, commonly called drones, are being increasingly used in ecological research, in particular to approach sensitive wildlife in inaccessible areas. Impact studies leading to recommendations for best practices are urgently needed. We tested the impact of drone colour, speed and flight angle on the behavioural responses of mallards Anas platyrhynchos in a semi-captive situation, and of wild flamingos ( Phoenicopterus roseus ) and common greenshanks ( Tringa nebularia ) in a wetland area. We performed 204 approach flights with a quadricopter drone, and during 80% of those we could approach unaffected birds to within 4 m. Approach speed, drone colour and repeated flights had no measurable impact on bird behaviour, yet they reacted more to drones approaching vertically. We recommend launching drones farther than 100 m from the birds and adjusting approach distance according to species. Our study is a first step towards a sound use of drones for wildlife research. Further studies should assess the impacts of different drones on other taxa, and monitor physiological indicators of stress in animals exposed to drones according to group sizes and reproductive status.

scholarly journals Methodological Ambiguity and Inconsistency Constrain Unmanned Aerial Vehicles as A Silver Bullet for Monitoring Ecological Restoration

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd M. Buters ◽  
Philip W. Bateman ◽  
Todd Robinson ◽  
David Belton ◽  
Kingsley W. Dixon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Ecological Restoration ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ecological Monitoring ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Aerial Vehicles ◽  
The Future ◽  
Thermal Cameras

The last decade has seen an exponential increase in the application of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to ecological monitoring research, though with little standardisation or comparability in methodological approaches and research aims. We reviewed the international peer-reviewed literature in order to explore the potential limitations on the feasibility of UAV-use in the monitoring of ecological restoration, and examined how they might be mitigated to maximise the quality, reliability and comparability of UAV-generated data. We found little evidence of translational research applying UAV-based approaches to ecological restoration, with less than 7% of 2133 published UAV monitoring studies centred around ecological restoration. Of the 48 studies, > 65% had been published in the three years preceding this study. Where studies utilised UAVs for rehabilitation or restoration applications, there was a strong propensity for single-sensor monitoring using commercially available RPAs fitted with the modest-resolution RGB sensors available. There was a strong positive correlation between the use of complex and expensive sensors (e.g., LiDAR, thermal cameras, hyperspectral sensors) and the complexity of chosen image classification techniques (e.g., machine learning), suggesting that cost remains a primary constraint to the wide application of multiple or complex sensors in UAV-based research. We propose that if UAV-acquired data are to represent the future of ecological monitoring, research requires a) consistency in the proven application of different platforms and sensors to the monitoring of target landforms, organisms and ecosystems, underpinned by clearly articulated monitoring goals and outcomes; b) optimization of data analysis techniques and the manner in which data are reported, undertaken in cross-disciplinary partnership with fields such as bioinformatics and machine learning; and c) the development of sound, reasonable and multi-laterally homogenous regulatory and policy framework supporting the application of UAVs to the large-scale and potentially trans-disciplinary ecological applications of the future.

scholarly journals The Wane of Command: Evidence on Drone Strikes and Control within Terrorist Organizations

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
ANOUK S. RIGTERINK
Keyword(s):  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Terrorist Organizations ◽  
Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Terrorist Groups ◽  
Drone Strikes ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Better Than

This paper investigates how counterterrorism targeting terrorist leaders affects terrorist attacks. This effect is theoretically ambiguous and depends on whether terrorist groups are modeled as unitary actors or not. The paper exploits a natural experiment provided by strikes by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (drones) “hitting” and “missing” terrorist leaders in Pakistan. Results suggest that terrorist groups increase the number of attacks they commit after a drone “hit” on their leader compared with after a “miss.” This increase is statistically significant for 3 out of 6 months after a hit, when it ranges between 47.7% and 70.3%. Additional analysis of heterogenous effects across groups and leaders, and the impact of drone hits on the type of attack, terrorist group infighting, and splintering, suggest that principal-agent problems—(new) terrorist leaders struggling to control and discipline their operatives—account for these results better than alternative theoretical explanations.

scholarly journals NEW MODEL OF A SOLAR WIND AIRPLANE FOR GEOMATIC OPERATIONS

2015 ◽  
Vol XL-1/W4 ◽  
pp. 137-142
Author(s):  
A. Achachi ◽  
D. Benatia
Keyword(s):  
Solar Wind ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
System Design ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Flight Crew ◽  
Aerial Vehicles ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Border Surveillance ◽  
New System

The ability for an aircraft to fly during a much extended period of time has become a key issue and a target of research, both in the domain of civilian aviation and unmanned aerial vehicles. This paper describes a new design and evaluating of solar wind aircraft with the objective to assess the impact of a new system design on overall flight crew performance. The required endurance is in the range of some hours in the case of law enforcement, border surveillance, forest fire fighting or power line inspection. However, other applications at high altitudes, such as geomatic operations for delivering geographic information, weather research and forecast, environmental monitoring, would require remaining airborne during days, weeks or even months. The design of GNSS non precision approach procedure for different airports is based on geomatic data.

scholarly journals Javan langur responses to the repeated exposure of ground survey and novel stimulus, unmanned aerial vehicles

2021 ◽  
Vol 948 (1) ◽  
pp. 012006
Author(s):  
D A Rahman ◽  
Y Setiawan ◽  
A A A F Rahman ◽  
T R Martiyani
Keyword(s):  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Ecological Monitoring ◽  
Local Fauna ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects ◽  
Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Ground Survey ◽  
New Type ◽  
Generalized Linear Mixed Effects

Abstract The use of small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs; a.k.a “drones”) for ecological monitoring, conservation campaign, and management is increasing enormously. UAVs operate at low altitudes (<150 m) and in any terrain; thus, they are susceptible to interact with local fauna, generating a new type of anthropogenic disturbance that has not been systematically evaluated. Both policy-makers and practitioners require data about the potential impacts of UAVs on natural biota, but few studies exist. The research aims to compare behavioral responses from ground-based surveys vs. UAVs flights. Moreover, we conducted two experiments of UAVs overflights, specifically aiming to assess the responses of Trachypithecus auratus. Between January and March 2021, we conducted 24 UAVs flight approaches and 12 ground surveys at Mount Halimun-Salak National Park, Indonesia. We applied generalized linear mixed-effects models and Kruskal-Wallis tests to 364 behavioral scores obtained from two independent observers. When directly compared, the detection time was higher using UAVs (χ2 = 38.50; df= 1; p < 0.050), and behavioral responses by Javan langur to UAVs overflights at > 30 m were different from responses to ground surveys were more intense. Finally, we suggest data-driven best practices for UAVs use and the design of future UAVs-wildlife response studies.

scholarly journals Spatial resolution of unmanned aerial vehicles acquired imagery as a result of different processing conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 148-154
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Kubišta ◽  
Peter Surový
Keyword(s):  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Light Condition ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Flight Speed ◽  
Lighting Conditions ◽  
Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Flight Height ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Imagery Data

Abstract Increasing availability of Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and different software for processing of UAV imagery data brings new possibilities for on-demand monitoring of environment, making it accessible to broader spectra of professionals with variable expertise in image processing and analysis. This brings also new questions related to imagery quality standards. One of important characteristics of imagery is its spatial resolution as it directly impacts the results of object recognition and further imagery processing. This study aims at identifying relationship between spatial resolution of UAV acquired imagery and variables of imagery acquiring conditions, especially UAV flight height, flight speed and lighting conditions. All of these characteristics has been proved as significantly influencing spatial resolution quality and all subsequent data based on this imagery. Higher flight height as well as flight speed brings lower spatial resolution, whereas better lighting conditions lead to better spatial resolution of imagery. In this article we conducted a study testing various heights, flight speeds and light conditions and tested the impact of these parameters on Ground Resolved Distance (GRD). We proved that from among the variables, height is the most significant factor, second position is speed and finally the light condition. All of these factors could be relevant for instance in implementation of UAV in forestry sector, where imagery data must be often collected in diverse terrain conditions and/or complex stand (especially vertical) structure, as well as different weather conditions.

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