scholarly journals Hydrochemical Characteristics and Evolution Laws of Shallow Groundwater in Shuangliao City

2021 ◽  
Vol 290 ◽  
pp. 02014
Author(s):  
Li Xuguang ◽  
Zhao YanDai ◽  
He Haiyang
Keyword(s):  
Flow Direction ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Mineral Dissolution ◽  
Hydrochemical Characteristics ◽  
The North ◽  
Evolution Laws ◽  
Groundwater Flow Field ◽  
Ecological Improvement ◽  
Agriculture Development ◽  
Hydrochemical Types

Shuangliao City is an important part of the Xiliaohe Plain, and one of the most important bases of grain production in the north of China. Therefore, it is important to ascertain the hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater and their causes and evolution laws in the Xiliaohe Plain to provide guidance to agriculture development and ecological improvement. After collection of detailed data and identification of the groundwater flow field, we studied the causes and evolution of the identified hydrochemical types by zone with mathematical statistics, correlation analysis, ion proportional coefficient and other methods. The results show that the concentrations of HCO3-, Cl-, and Na+ are relatively high, and these of Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42-, and NO3- are relatively low. The concentration of TDS increases gradually along the flow direction of groundwater, and TDS is positively correlated to the variation in concentration of Cl-, Na+, Mg2+, and SO42-. Along the flow direction of groundwater, the hydrochemistry of shallow groundwater show the evolution law from HCO3-Ca·Mg to HCO3·Cl-Na·Ca and HCO3·Cl-Na·Mg, and then to Cl·HCO3-Na·Mg. The hydrochemical types are formed mainly due to the mineral dissolution and deposition, and reaction of cation exchange and adsorption in the aquifer, and the hydrogeochemical processes include leaching, evaporation and concentration, and mixing.

scholarly journals Groundwater Quality and Potential Human Health Risk Assessment for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes: A Case Study in the Semiarid Region of North China

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 783
Author(s):  
Feifei Chen ◽  
Leihua Yao ◽  
Gang Mei ◽  
Yinsheng Shang ◽  
Fansheng Xiong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
North China ◽  
Shanxi Province ◽  
Hydrochemical Characteristics ◽  
Human Health Risks ◽  
Drinking And Irrigation ◽  
Hydrochemical Types ◽  
Potential Human Health

Groundwater is a valuable water source for drinking and irrigation purposes in semiarid regions. Groundwater pollution may affect human health if it is not pretreated and provided for human use. This study investigated the hydrochemical characteristics driving groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes and potential human health risks in the Xinzhou Basin, Shanxi Province, North China. More specifically, we first investigated hydrochemical characteristics using a descriptive statistical analysis method. We then classified the hydrochemical types and analyzed the evolution mechanisms of groundwater using Piper and Gibbs diagrams. Finally, we appraised the groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes using the entropy water quality index (EWQI). We assessed the associated human health risks for different age and sex groups through drinking intake and dermal contact pathways. Overall, we found that (1) Ca-HCO3 and Ca·Mg-HCO3 were the dominant hydrochemical types and were mainly governed by rock weathering and water–rock interactions. (2) Based on the EWQI classifications, 67.74% of the groundwater samples were classified as medium quality and acceptable for drinking purpose. According to the values of sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and soluble sodium percentage (%Na), 90.32% of the samples were suitable for irrigation, while the remaining samples were unfit for irrigation because of the high salinity in the groundwater. (3) Some contaminants in the groundwater, such as NO3−, NO2− and F−, exceeded the standard limits and may cause potential risks to human health. Our work presented in this paper could establish reasonable management strategies for sustainable groundwater quality protection to protect public health.

Overburden geochemical signature of the Lac des Iles platinum group element deposit, northwestern Ontario, Canada

2007 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 1151-1168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J Barnett
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Exploration ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Soil System ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Rock Fragments ◽  
The North ◽  
Northwestern Ontario ◽  
Airborne Contamination ◽  
The Many ◽  
Lac Des Iles

Many previously published studies of the behaviour of Pt and Pd in till and soils have been done in areas of complex stratigraphy or very thin overburden cover, making the interpretation of soil results difficult because of the many variables associated with these settings. At the Lac des Iles mine site in northwestern Ontario, there are excellent exposures of the overburden in a series of exploration trenches. Glacial dispersal trains can be observed in till (C horizon) geochemistry (e.g., Ni, Cr, Cu, and Co). Regional geochemical dispersal trains of elements, such as Ni, Cr, Mg, and Co associated with the North Lac des Iles intrusion, can be detected for about 4 km beyond the western margin of the Mine Block intrusion. Entire dispersal trains range from 5 to 7 km in length and about 1 to 2 km in width. The dispersal of North Lac des Iles intrusion rock fragments tends to mask the response of the Mine Block intrusion. Dispersal trains of Pt and Pd are not well defined and tend to be very short, <1 km in length, due to the initial low concentrations of these elements in C-horizon till samples from the Lac Des Iles area. An exception to this is the Pd dispersal train originating from the high-grade zone that is up to 3 km long. Pd, Pt, Ni, and Cu appear to be moving both within and out of the soil system downslope into surface and shallow groundwater. It is suggested that these elements, to varying degrees, are moving in solution. Airborne contamination from mine operations of the humus has adversely affected the ability to determine the effectiveness of humus sampling for mineral exploration at Lac des Iles. The airborne contamination likely influences the geochemical results from surface water, shallow groundwater, and near-surface organic bog samples, particularly for the elements Pd and Pt.

Simulation and prediction of shallow groundwater depth in the North China Plain based on regional periodic characteristics

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Long Sun ◽  
Yongbing Zhang ◽  
Haiyang Si ◽  
Tema Koketso Ealotswe ◽  
Lei Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North China Plain ◽  
North China ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Groundwater Depth ◽  
The North ◽  
The North China Plain

scholarly journals Does Crop Rotation Enhance Groundwater Health? A Review of the Winter Wheat Fallow Policy in the North China Plain

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2416
Author(s):  
Ming Lei ◽  
Yuqian Zhang ◽  
Yuxuan Dang ◽  
Xiangbin Kong ◽  
Jingtao Yao
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
North China Plain ◽  
North China ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Agricultural Water ◽  
The North ◽  
The North China Plain ◽  
The World ◽  
Shallow Groundwater Level

Agricultural water management is a vital component of realizing the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals because of water shortages worldwide leading to a severe threat to ecological environments and global food security. As an agro-intensified irrigation area, the North China Plain (NCP) is the most important grain basket in China, which produces 30%–40% of the maize and 60%–80% of the wheat for China. However, this area has already been one of the largest groundwater funnels in the world due to long-term over-exploitation of groundwater. Due to the low precipitation during the growing period, winter wheat requires a large amount of groundwater to be pumped for irrigation, which consumes 70% of the groundwater irrigation. To alleviate the overexploitation of groundwater, the Chinese government implemented the Winter Wheat Fallow Policy (WWFP) in 2014. The evaluation and summarization of the WWFP will be beneficial for improving the groundwater overexploitation areas under high-intensity irrigation over all the world. So far, there have been few attempts at estimating the effectiveness of this policy. To fill this gap, we assessed the planting area of field crops and calculated the evapotranspiration of crops based on remote-sensed and meteorological data in the key area—Hengshui. We compared the agricultural water consumption before and after the implementation of this policy, and we analyzed the relationship between changes in crop planting structure and groundwater variations based on geographically weighted regression. Our results showed the overall classification accuracies for 2013 and 2015 were 85.56% and 82.22%, respectively. The planting area of winter wheat, as the most reduced crop, decreased from 35.71% (314,053 ha) in 2013 to 32.98% (289,986 ha) in 2015. The actual reduction in area of winter wheat reached 84% of the target (26 thousand ha) of the WWFP. The water consumption of major crops decreased from 2.98 billion m3 of water in 2013 to 2.83 billion m3 in 2015, a total reduction of 146 million m3, and 88.43% of reduced target of the WWFP (166 million m3). The planting changes of winter wheat did not directly affect the change of shallow groundwater level, but ET was positively related to shallow groundwater level and precipitation was negatively related to shallow groundwater levels. This study can provide a basis for the WWFP’s improvement and the development of sustainable agriculture in high-intensity irrigation areas.

scholarly journals Morphological analysis of hummocks in debris avalanche deposits around Mt Erciyes, central Turkey

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuichi S. Hayakawa ◽  
Hidetsugu Yoshida ◽  
Hiroyuki Obanawa ◽  
Ryutaro Naruhashi ◽  
Koji Okumura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Debris Avalanche ◽  
Caldera Wall ◽  
High Definition ◽  
Sector Collapse ◽  
Initial Flow ◽  
The North ◽  
Aircraft System ◽  
Central Turkey

Abstract. Debris avalanche caused by the sector collapse of a volcanic mountain often forms characteristic depositional landforms including hummocks. Not only sedimentological but also geomorphological analyses of debris avalanche deposits (DAD) are crucial to clarify the size, mechanisms, and processes of the debris avalanche. We investigate the morphology of hummocks newly identified in the DAD at the north-eastern flank of Mt. Erciyes in Kayseri, central Turkey, likely formed in the late Pleistocene. Using a remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS) and the structure-from-motion multi-view stereo photogrammetry (SfM), we obtained high-definition digital elevation model (DEM) and orthorectified image of the DAD surface with hummocks. Detailed geometric features of the hummocks are investigated using the RPAS-derived high-definition DEM. The source volume of the DAD was also estimated by reconstructing the original shape of the mountain body using a lower-resolution satellite-based DEM. For this, topographic cross sections are examined based on the slopes around the scar that are regarded as the remnant topography preserved since the sector collapse. The spatial distribution of hummocks shows an unusual pattern regarding the distance-size relationships, i.e., anomalously concentrated in a certain distance from the source. The hummocks are found to be aligned toward the flow direction of the debris avalanche, suggesting the extensional regime of the debris avalanche. These facts indicate that this debris avalanche did not follow the typical flow type of debris avalanches observed in the other cases. Instead, the topographic constraints by former caldera wall and fault-induced lineaments could have strongly affected the flow course and pattern in this particular case: The pre-existing caldera wall topography could have acted as the topographic barriers for the debris avalanche to force the initial flow to turn northward, and the flow regime to be once compressional followed by extensional at the narrow and steepened outlet valley. Also, the estimated volume of the DAD 12–15 × 108 m3 gives its mean thickness of 60–75 m, which is much deeper than the reported cases of other DADs. This suggests that the debris avalanche could have flown down to the far downstream areas from the presently-observed limit of the DAD extent. Assessments of the DAD including the results of this study can provide further insights into the risk and mitigation of potential disasters in the study area.

scholarly journals Spatial and Temporal Variations of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Surface Water and Groundwater of Mudong River Watershed in Huixian Karst Wetland, Southwest China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 10740
Author(s):  
Linyan Pan ◽  
Junfeng Dai ◽  
Zhiqiang Wu ◽  
Liangliang Huang ◽  
Zupeng Wan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Influencing Factor ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Field Investigation ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variation ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
River Watershed

When considering the factors affecting the spatial and temporal variation of nitrogen and phosphorus in karst watersheds, the unique karst hydrogeology as an internal influencing factor cannot be ignored, as well as natural factors such as meteorological hydrology and external factors such as human activities. A watershed-scale field investigation was completed to statistically analyze spatial and temporal dynamics of nitrogen and phosphorus through the regular monitoring and collection of surface water and shallow groundwater in the agricultural-dominated Mudong River watershed in the Huixian Karst Wetland over one year (May 2020 to April 2021). Our research found that non-point source pollution of nitrogen (84.5% of 239 samples TN > 1.0 mg/L) was more serious than phosphorus (7.5% of 239 samples TP > 0.2 mg/L) in the study area, and shallow groundwater nitrogen pollution (98.3% of 118 samples TN > 1.0 mg/L) was more serious than surface water (68.6% of 121 samples TN > 1.0 mg/L). In the three regions with different hydrodynamic features, the TN concentration was higher and dominated by NO3−-N in the river in the northern recharge area, while the concentrations of TN and TP were the highest in shallow groundwater wells in the central wetland core area and increased along the surface water flow direction in the western discharge area. This research will help improve the knowledge about the influence of karst hydrodynamic features on the spatial patterns of nitrogen and phosphorus in water, paying attention to the quality protection and security of water in karst areas with a fragile water ecological environment.

Viscous Flows Formed The Branched Ridges Of Antoniadi Crater, Mars

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Mangold ◽  
Livio Tornabene ◽  
Susan Conway ◽  
Anthony Guimpier ◽  
Axel Noblet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Viscous Flows ◽  
Engineering Teams ◽  
The North ◽  
Space Agency ◽  
Imaging Science ◽  
Italian Space Agency ◽  
University Of Bern

&lt;p&gt;Antoniadi basin is a 330 km diameter Noachian basin localized in the East of Arabia Terra that contains a network of ridges with a tree-like organization. Branched ridges, such as these can form by a variety of processes including the inversion of fluvial deposits, thus potentially highlighting aqueous processes of interest for understanding Mars&amp;#8217; climate evolution. Here, we test this hypothesis by analyzing in details data from Colour and Stereo Surface Imaging System (CaSSIS), High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) and High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Branched ridges are up to 10 km long and from 10 to 200 m wide without obvious organization in width. The branched ridges texture is rubbly with the occurrence of blocks up to ~1 m in size and a complete lack of layering. A HiRISE elevation model shows the local slope is of 0.2&amp;#176; toward South, and thus contrary to the apparent network organization (assuming tributary flows). There is no indication of exhumation of these ridges from layers below the current plains surface. Our observations are not consistent with the interpretation of digitate landforms such as inverted channels: (i) The rubbly texture lacking any layering at meter scale is distinct from inverted channels as observed elsewhere on Mars. (ii) Heads of presumed inverted channels display a lobate shape unlike river springs. (iii) There is no increase in width from small branches toward North as expected for channels with increasing discharge rates downstream. (iv) The slope toward South is contrary to the inferred flow direction to the North. The detailed analysis of these branched ridges shows many characteristics difficult to reconcile with inverted channels formed by fluvial channels flowing northward. Subglacial drainages are known to locally flow against topography, but they are rarely dendritic.&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;Assuming that deposition occurred along the current slope, thus from North to South, the organization of the network requires a control by distributary channels rather than tributary ones. Distributary channels are possible for fluvial flows, but generally limited to braiding regimes or deltaic deposits, of which no further evidence is observed here. The lobate digitate shapes of the degree 1 branches are actually more in line with deposits of viscous flows, thus as terminal branches. Such an interpretation is consistent with lava or mudflows that formed along the current topography. The next step in this study will be to determine more precisely the rheology of these unusual flows.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Acknowledgments:&lt;/strong&gt; French authors are supported by the CNES. The authors wish to thank the spacecraft and instrument engineering teams. CaSSIS is a project of the University of Bern and funded through the Swiss Space Office via ESA&amp;#8217;s PRODEX. The instrument hardware development was also supported by the Italian Space Agency (ASI) (agreement no. I/018/12/0), INAF/Astronomical Observatory of Padova, and the Space Research Center (CBK) in Warsaw. Support from SGF (Budapest), the Univ. of Arizona (Lunar and Planet. Lab.) and NASA are gratefully acknowledged.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Hydrochemistry and Its Controlling Factors of Rivers in the Source Region of the Nujiang River on the Tibetan Plateau

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2166
Author(s):  
Wang ◽  
Zhao ◽  
Chen ◽  
Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Source Region ◽  
Silicate Weathering ◽  
Main Stream ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Hydrochemical Characteristics ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Hydrochemical Types

The chemical composition of river water collected from the main stream of the Naqu and its tributaries was analyzed to reveal its hydrochemical characteristics and to evaluate the water quality for irrigation purposes. Based on 39 samples, the results revealed mildly alkaline pH values and total dissolved solids (TDS) values ranging from 115 to 676 mg/L, averaging 271 mg/L. Major ion concentrations based on mean values (mg/L) were in the order of Ca2+>Na+>Mg2+>K+ for cations and HCO3->SO42->Cl->CO32- for anions. Most hydrochemical types were of the Ca–HCO3 (~74.36%) type. Cluster analysis (CA) suggested that the hydrochemical characteristics upstream of the main stream of the Naqu were obviously different from those from the middle and downstream of the main stream and its tributaries. The analysis shows that the Sangqu, Basuoqu, Mumuqu, Zongqingqu, Mugequ basin tributary, and the Gongqu basin tributary were mainly affected by carbonate weathering. Carbonate and silicate weathering commonly controlled the hydrochemistry upstream and downstream of the main Naqu, Chengqu, and Mugequ streams. The middle of the main stream of the Naqu was mainly affected by silicate weathering, and anhydrite/gypsum dissolution mainly affected the hydrochemistry of the main Gongqu stream. The quality of water samples was suitable for irrigation purposes, except for one sample from the main stream of the Mugequ.

scholarly journals Impact of Long-Term Reclaimed Water Irrigation on the Distribution of Potentially Toxic Elements in Soil: An In-Situ Experiment Study in the North China Plain

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaomin Gu ◽  
Yong Xiao ◽  
Shiyang Yin ◽  
Honglu Liu ◽  
Baohui Men ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Elements ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Potentially Toxic Elements ◽  
In Situ Experiment ◽  
The North ◽  
Reclaimed Water Irrigation

The widespread use of reclaimed water has alleviated the water resource crisis worldwide, but long-term use of reclaimed water for irrigation, especially in agricultural countries, might threaten the soil environment and further affect groundwater quality. An in-situ experiment had been carried out in the North China Plain, which aimed to reveal the impact of long-term reclaimed water irrigation on soil properties and distribution of potentially toxic elements (As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Zn and Pb) in the soil profile as well as shallow groundwater. Four land plots were irrigated with different quantity of reclaimed water to represent 0, 13, 22 and 35 years’ irrigation duration. Pollution Load Index (PLI) values of each soil layer were calculated to further assess the pollution status of irrigated soils by potentially toxic elements (PTEs). Results showed that long-term reclaimed water irrigation caused appreciable increase of organic matter content, and might improve the soil quality. High soil organic matter concentrations conduced to high adsorption and retention capacity of the soils toward PTEs, which could reduce the risk of PTEs leaching into deep layers or shallow groundwater. Highest levels of Cr, Pb and Zn were observed at 200–240 cm and 460–500 cm horizons in plots. Longer irrigation time (35 years and 22 years) resulted in a decreasing trend of As, Cd, Hg, Pb and Zn in lower part of soil profiles (>540 cm) compared with that with 13-years’ irrigation years. Long-term reclaimed water irrigation still brought about increases in concentrations of some elements in deep soil layer although their content in soils and shallow groundwater was below the national standard. Totally speaking, proper management for reclaimed water irrigation, such as reduction of irrigation volume and rate of reclaimed water, was still needed when a very long irrigation period was performed.

Stability of detrital heavy minerals in Tertiary sandstones from the North Sea Basin

Clay Minerals ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Morton
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Mineral Dissolution ◽  
Heavy Mineral ◽  
Heavy Minerals ◽  
Fluid Temperature ◽  
The North ◽  
Deep Burial ◽  
Mineral Stability ◽  
History Of ◽  
Temperature Rate

AbstractIntrastratal solution of detrital heavy minerals in North Sea Tertiary sandstones takes place in two different diagenetic settings, deep burial and acidic weathering. These are characterized by different orders of mineral stability: apatite, chloritoid, garnet, sphene and spinel are less stable in acidic weathering than in deep burial, whereas the reverse is true for andalusite, kyanite and sillimanite. Heavy-mineral dissolution patterns, therefore, do not follow one single order of stability but several, depending on the diagenetic environment in which the dissolution occurs. It seems from this that the relative order of stability for detrital heavy minerals is controlled by the chemistry of the interstitial waters, whereas the limits of persistence depend on pore-fluid temperature, rate of water throughput, and geological age. Because different diagenetic environments lead to differing orders of mineral stability, it may prove possible to elucidate certain aspects of the diagenetic history of a sandstone by heavy-mineral dissolution patterns.

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