Urban air quality evaluation over Kut city using field survey and Geomatic techniques

Air pollution is caused by various sources such as cars exhaust, energy sources, petrol stations, industrial activities, and other sources. The aim of this study was to measure some air pollutants gases, representing the results by Arc GIS maps over AL-Kut city and finding the ways for reducing them. Twenty samples have been taken using Global Positioning System (GPS) for measuring the main air pollutants (sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), total suspended particle (TSP), and particulate matters (PMs). The measurements were carried out by several specialized portable equipment at afive months starting from November 2015 to March 2016. The distribution maps resulted from ArcGIS 10.2, display that the highest concentrations of air pollutants were in the center and north of the study area. The highest concentrations of pollutants were in November and March, whereas lower concentrations observed during January period. The average monthly concentrations of (TSP) measured during the study period was (504.4 μg/m3, 359.5 μg/m3, 32.2 μg/m3, 324.8 μg/m3, and 392.45 μg/m3) from November 2015 to March 2016, these results were significantly higher than the permissible allowable limits of the Iraqi national (350 μg/m3) and international allowable limits (150 μg/m3), except for January is founded (32.2 μg/m3) within the acceptable limits due to heavy rainfall. the averages monthly concentrations of (CO), (6.567, 5.165, 4.08, 5.454 and 7.25 ppm) were lower than standards limits for five months, comparing with the Iraqi National limits (35 ppm) and WHO Limits (9 ppm). Pollutant concentrations such as (O3), were within acceptable limits of Iraqi and WHO limits at all period of study, while other air pollution gasses such as (SO2 and NO2), their concentrations over the study area were within the Iraqi national limits but slightly over the WHO limits.

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Analysis of Temporal Variations of Air Pollutant Concentrations in Ogoni Area, Niger Delta Region, Nigeria

Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology ◽

10.9734/ajee/2021/v16i430260 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 63-73

Author(s):

B. Yorkor ◽

T. G. Leton ◽

J. N. Ugbebor

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Temporal Variability ◽

Niger Delta ◽

Air Pollutants ◽

Temporal Variations ◽

Time Of Day ◽

Air Pollutant ◽

Pollutant Concentrations ◽

Hourly Data ◽

Air Pollutant Concentrations

This study investigated the temporal variations of air pollutant concentrations in Ogoni area, Niger Delta, Nigeria. The study used hourly data measured over 8 hours for 12 months at selected locations within the area. The analyses were based on time series and time variations techniques in Openair packages of R programming software. The variations of air pollutant concentrations by time of day and days of week were simulated. Hours of the day, days of the week and monthly variations were graphically simulated. Variations in the mean concentrations of air pollutants by time were determined at 95 % confidence intervals. Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ground level Ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations exceeded permissible standards. Air pollutant concentrations showed increase in January, February, November and December compared to other months. Simulation showed that air pollutants varied significantly by hours-of-the-day and days-of-the-week and months-of-the-year. Analysis of temporal variability revealed that air pollutant concentrations increased during weekdays and decreased during weekends. The temporal variability of air pollutants in Ogoni area showed that anthropogenic activities were the main sources of air pollution in the area, therefore further studies are required to determine air pollutant dispersion pattern and evaluation the potential sources of air pollution in the area.

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Associations of Ambient Air Pollutants and Meteorological Factors With COVID-19 Transmission in 31 Chinese Provinces: A Time Series Study

INQUIRY The Journal of Health Care Organization Provision and Financing ◽

10.1177/00469580211060259 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 58 ◽

pp. 004695802110602

Author(s):

Han Cao ◽

Bingxiao Li ◽

Tianlun Gu ◽

Xiaohui Liu ◽

Kai Meng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Relative Humidity ◽

Wind Velocity ◽

Air Pollutants ◽

Meteorological Factors ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Ambient Air ◽

Air Pollutant ◽

Pollutant Concentrations ◽

Air Pollutant Concentrations

Evidence regarding the effects of environmental factors on COVID-19 transmission is mixed. We aimed to explore the associations of air pollutants and meteorological factors with COVID-19 confirmed cases during the outbreak period throughout China. The number of COVID-19 confirmed cases, air pollutant concentrations, and meteorological factors in China from January 25 to February 29, 2020, (36 days) were extracted from authoritative electronic databases. The associations were estimated for a single-day lag as well as moving averages lag using generalized additive mixed models. Region-specific analyses and meta-analysis were conducted in 5 selected regions from the north to south of China with diverse air pollution levels and weather conditions and sufficient sample size. Nonlinear concentration–response analyses were performed. An increase of each interquartile range in PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, O3, and CO at lag4 corresponded to 1.40 (1.37–1.43), 1.35 (1.32–1.37), 1.01 (1.00–1.02), 1.08 (1.07–1.10), 1.28 (1.27–1.29), and 1.26 (1.24–1.28) ORs of daily new cases, respectively. For 1°C, 1%, and 1 m/s increase in temperature, relative humidity, and wind velocity, the ORs were 0.97 (0.97–0.98), 0.96 (0.96–0.97), and 0.94 (0.92–0.95), respectively. The estimates of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and all meteorological factors remained significantly after meta-analysis for the five selected regions. The concentration–response relationships showed that higher concentrations of air pollutants and lower meteorological factors were associated with daily new cases increasing. Higher air pollutant concentrations and lower temperature, relative humidity and wind velocity may favor COVID-19 transmission. Controlling ambient air pollution, especially for PM2.5, PM10, NO2, may be an important component of reducing risk of COVID-19 infection. In addition, as winter months are arriving in China, the meteorological factors may play a negative role in prevention. Therefore, it is significant to implement the public health control measures persistently in case another possible pandemic.

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Assessment of Air Pollution over Baghdad City Using Fixed Annual Stations and GIS Techniques

Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University ◽

10.35741/issn.0258-2724.54.6.36 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 54 (6) ◽

Author(s):

Zainab B. Mohammed ◽

Ali Abdul Khaliq Kamal ◽

Ali S. Resheq ◽

Waleed M. Sh. Alabdraba

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Air Pollutants ◽

Spatial Interpolation ◽

Nitrogen Monoxide ◽

World Health ◽

Distribution Maps ◽

Pollution Levels ◽

Who Standards ◽

Main Observation ◽

Interpolation Techniques

Baghdad, considered one of the most polluted and populated cities in Iraq, waschoosen for mapping the distribution of air pollutants and the overall pollution levels by using the ArcGIS techniques. Six of main observation stations werechoosen in a particular location. Then, the recorded data from these stations were spatially interpolated using two types of ArcGIS interpolation techniques. The spatial interpolation techniques used in this work were Inverse distance weighting (IDW) and fuzzy logic. This study includes measuring the main air pollutants, which were nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NOx), and nitrogen monoxide (NO) during the period from January 2018 to December 2018. The data recorded by the stations during the work period and the distribution maps of air pollutants, which resulted from spatial interpolation (IDW) method, showed that the concentration of NO2 was within the International limits of World Health Origination (WHO) which is about 0.11 ppm. SO2 concentrations were exceeding the WHO limits in all stations for the study area. The concentrations of CO ranged from 0.484 ppm to 7.027 ppm that were within acceptable limits of WHO standards that is 9 ppm. NOx concentrations ranged between 0.01506 ppm – 0.214 ppm, which were exceeding acceptable limits of WHO standards (0.01 ppm). The concentrations of NO did not exceed the WHO standard limits, which are 0.08 ppm. Finally, the fuzzsy logic method of spatial interpolation in ArcGIS was applied to evaluate the air pollution over Baghdad city.

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The role of meteorological conditions and pollution control strategies in reducing air pollution in Beijing during APEC 2014 and Victory Parade 2015

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-17-13921-2017 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 17 (22) ◽

pp. 13921-13940 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Pengfei Liang ◽

Tong Zhu ◽

Yanhua Fang ◽

Yingruo Li ◽

Yiqun Han ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Pollution Control ◽

Air Pollutants ◽

Meteorological Parameters ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Meteorological Conditions ◽

Air Pollutant ◽

Pollutant Concentrations ◽

Air Pollutant Concentrations

Abstract. To control severe air pollution in China, comprehensive pollution control strategies have been implemented throughout the country in recent years. To evaluate the effectiveness of these strategies, the influence of meteorological conditions on levels of air pollution needs to be determined. Using the intensive air pollution control strategies implemented during the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum in 2014 (APEC 2014) and the 2015 China Victory Day Parade (Victory Parade 2015) as examples, we estimated the role of meteorological conditions and pollution control strategies in reducing air pollution levels in Beijing. Atmospheric particulate matter of aerodynamic diameter  ≤ 2.5 µm (PM2.5) samples were collected and gaseous pollutants (SO2, NO, NOx, and O3) were measured online at a site in Peking University (PKU). To determine the influence of meteorological conditions on the levels of air pollution, we first compared the air pollutant concentrations during days with stable meteorological conditions. However, there were few days with stable meteorological conditions during the Victory Parade. As such, we were unable to estimate the level of emission reduction efforts during this period. Finally, a generalized linear regression model (GLM) based only on meteorological parameters was built to predict air pollutant concentrations, which could explain more than 70 % of the variation in air pollutant concentration levels, after incorporating the nonlinear relationships between certain meteorological parameters and the concentrations of air pollutants. Evaluation of the GLM performance revealed that the GLM, even based only on meteorological parameters, could be satisfactory to estimate the contribution of meteorological conditions in reducing air pollution and, hence, the contribution of control strategies in reducing air pollution. Using the GLM, we found that the meteorological conditions and pollution control strategies contributed 30 and 28 % to the reduction of the PM2.5 concentration during APEC and 38 and 25 % during the Victory Parade, respectively, based on the assumption that the concentrations of air pollutants are only determined by meteorological conditions and emission intensities. We also estimated the contribution of meteorological conditions and control strategies in reducing the concentrations of gaseous pollutants and PM2.5 components with the GLMs, revealing the effective control of anthropogenic emissions.

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Performances of Different Global Positioning System Devices for Time-Location Tracking in Air Pollution Epidemiological Studies

Environmental Health Insights ◽

10.4137/ehi.s6246 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

pp. EHI.S6246 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

Jun Wu ◽

Chengsheng Jiang ◽

Zhen Liu ◽

Douglas Houston ◽

Guillermo Jaimes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Global Positioning System ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Positioning System ◽

Location Tracking ◽

Global Positioning

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M239. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND RISK FOR PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS: AN UPDATE

Schizophrenia Bulletin ◽

10.1093/schbul/sbaa030.551 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 46 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S226-S227

Author(s):

Luca Pauselli ◽

Luigi Attademo ◽

Francesco Bernardini ◽

Michael Compton

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Environmental Pollution ◽

Air Pollutants ◽

Psychotic Disorders ◽

The Body ◽

World Health ◽

The Past ◽

Previous Review ◽

Pollutant Concentrations ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background Environmental pollution is a well-known cause of disease worldwide. According to the World Health Organization, air pollution kills an estimated seven million people worldwide every year. Over the past decade, increasing attention has been drawn to the impact of environmental pollution on mental health. In 2016, our research team (Attademo et al., 2016) performed a literature review focusing on the association with psychotic disorders. The aim of this presentation is to give an update of the science, given the marked increase in the body of literature on this topic. Methods We repeated a search using the Pubmed electronic database for all articles from February 20, 2016 (date of out last search for the previous review) to November 20, 2019, using the same terms that we used in the first review. The search included all languages. Thirty-eight articles were identified. We selected 9 studies related to pollution’s effects on human subjects: seven were research reports and two were review articles. We excluded 29 articles, on the basis of the following exclusion criteria: a) studies unrelated to the topic, and b) letters or commentaries not reporting research findings. For this update, we focus only on research reports. Results Six of the seven research reports (Bai et al., 2019; Duan et al., 2018; Eguchi et al., 2018; Liang et al., 2019; Ma et al., 2018; Newbury et al., 2019; Qiu et al., 2019) focused on air pollution. Only one (Ma et al., 2018) explored the association between serum concentration of six typical toxic metals and risk of schizophrenia in a earth mining area in China and found higher serum levels of antimony, uranium, and lanthanum in patients with schizophrenia. All studies focusing on air pollution considered the following pollutants: particulate matter (PM) 10, PM2.5, and nitrogen dioxide. Some of them also included carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, and carbon dioxide. All the studies found significant associations between pollutant concentrations and psychosis-associated outcomes (adolescent psychotic experience, hospital admissions, and higher Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale scores). Five of the six studies investigating air pollutants also looked into the lag effect between pollutant concentrations and the outcome of the study, supporting the hypothesis of short-term effects (same day or within the first 2–3 days after high concentrations of pollutants). Discussion During our previous review, we found 13 research reports from 1964 to 2016, while in this update in the past 2.5 years, there has been a marked increase in publications on the topic. The association between air pollutants and different aspects of psychotic disorders presentation and manifestation is gaining support and the approaches of looking into this phenomenon are becoming more sophisticated. Nevertheless, further research is needed both at the molecular level to determine the mechanisms that mediate the effects of these pollutants, and at clinical and environmental levels to improve health and well-being of patient with psychotic disorders.

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Association between Ambient Air Pollution and MRI-Defined Brain Infarcts in Health Examinations in China

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18084325 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (8) ◽

pp. 4325

Author(s):

Jing Wu ◽

Yi Ning ◽

Yongxiang Gao ◽

Ruiqi Shan ◽

Bo Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Air Pollutants ◽

Brain Mri ◽

Ambient Air ◽

The Elderly ◽

Air Pollutant ◽

Ambient Air Pollution ◽

Brain Infarcts ◽

Pollutant Concentrations ◽

Mri Scans

The study aimed to evaluate the relationships between air pollutants and risk of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-defined brain infarcts (BI). We used data from routine health examinations of 1,400,503 participants aged ≥18 years who underwent brain MRI scans in 174 cities in 30 provinces in China in 2018. We assessed exposures to particulate matter (PM)2.5, PM10, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and carbon monoxide (CO) from 2015 to 2017. MRI-defined BI was defined as lesions ≥3 mm in diameter. Air pollutants were associated with a higher risk of MRI-defined BI. The odds ratio (OR) (95% CI) for MRI-defined BI comparing the highest with the lowest tertiles of air pollutant concentrations was 2.00 (1.96–2.03) for PM2.5, 1.68 (1.65–1.71) for PM10, 1.58 (1.55–1.61) for NO2, and 1.57 (1.54–1.60) for CO. Each SD increase in air pollutants was associated with 16–42% increases in the risk of MRI-defined BI. The associations were stronger in the elderly subgroup. This is the largest survey to evaluate the association between air pollution and MRI-defined BI. Our findings indicate that ambient air pollution was significantly associated with a higher risk of MRI-defined BI.

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The Multi-Time Scale Changes in Air Pollutant Concentrations and Its Mechanism before and during the COVID-19 Periods: A Case Study from Guiyang, Guizhou Province

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos12111490 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (11) ◽

pp. 1490

Author(s):

Zhihua Su ◽

Xin Li ◽

Yunlong Liu ◽

Bing Deng

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Time Scale ◽

Air Pollutants ◽

Photochemical Reactions ◽

Air Pollutant ◽

Guizhou Province ◽

Air Pollution Control ◽

Pollutant Concentrations ◽

Air Pollutant Concentrations ◽

The Impact

The lockdown during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic provides a scarce opportunity to assess the efficiency of air pollution mitigation. Herein, the monitoring data of air pollutants were thoroughly analyzed together with meteorological parameters to explore the impact of human activity on the multi-time scale changes of air pollutant concentrations in Guiyang city, located in Southwest China. The results show that the COVID-19 lockdown had different effects on the criteria air pollutants, i.e., PM2.5 (diameter ≤ 2.5 μm), PM10 (diameter ≤ 10 μm), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and ozone (O3) concentrations. The lockdown caused a significant drop in NO2 concentration. During the first-level lockdown period, the NO2 concentration declined sharply by 8.41 μg·m−3 (45.68%). The decrease in NO concentration caused the “titration effect” to weaken, leading to a sharp increase in O3 concentration. Although human activities resumed partially and the “titration effect” enhanced certainly during the second-level lockdown period, the meteorological conditions became more conducive to the formation of O3 by photochemical reactions. Atmosphere oxidation was enhanced to promote the generation of secondary aerosols through gas–particle transitions, thus compensating for the reduced primary emission of PM2.5. The implication of this study is that the appropriate air pollution control policies must be initiated to suppress the secondary generation of both PM2.5 and O3.

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Analysis of Ecotourism’s Physical, Real and Effective Carrying Capacity in Pulau Pisang, Pesisir Barat Regency

Jurnal Sylva Lestari ◽

10.23960/jsl27225-234 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 225

Author(s):

Ade Sofiyan ◽

Gunardi Djoko Winarno ◽

Wahyu Hidayat

Keyword(s):

Global Positioning System ◽

Carrying Capacity ◽

Environmental Sustainability ◽

Research Method ◽

Environmental Damage ◽

Positioning System ◽

Tourist Destinations ◽

Global Positioning ◽

Arc Gis ◽

Good Potential

Pisang Island is one of the leading objects of tourist destinations in Pesisir Barat Regency, Lampung Province and has a good potential to be developed for ecotourism. The present problems are the tourist visits that caused disruption and decline in the environmental quality it is important to know the maximum limit of tourist visits to prevent environmental damage. The purpose of this study was to analyze the carrying capacity of the ecotourism sites. The study was conducted in June 2018 - January 2019. The research method used a geographic information system (GIS). The tourism track data that was taken using a global positioning system (GPS) tracker processed using Arc Gis 10.3. The data obtained was then calculated to determine the ecotourism’s physical, real and effective carrying capacity. The results revealed that the physical carrying capacity at Pulau Pisang was 175,000 individuals/day, while for real and effective carrying capacity were 27,887 individuals/day and 744 individuals/day respectively. The number of visitors who visit during working days was below the carrying capacity. However, the visit was over the carrying capacity during a holiday such as Idul Fitri days. Therefore, it is necessary to limit visitors during holidays so that environmental sustainability and the comfort of the visit could be maintained. Keywords: ecotourism area, physical, real, effective carrying capacity, Pisang Island

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Long-term trends of pollutant concentrations in selected sites in Silesian Voivodeship

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/20182801013 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

pp. 01013

Author(s):

Szymon Hoffman

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Air Pollutants ◽

Time Trends ◽

Monitoring Network ◽

Pollutant Concentrations ◽

Long Time ◽

Long Term Trends ◽

Concentration Changes ◽

Term Data

The assessment of the air pollution quality in selected sites of Silesian Voivodeship was presented in this paper. The evaluation based on the sets of long-term data, recorded by the state air monitoring network. Concentrations of main air pollutants such as PM10, O3, CO, SO2, NO2, NO were considered. The basis for the calculations were 12-year time series of hourly concentrations. Using this data, the monthly averages of pollutant concentrations were calculated. Long-time trends of concentration changes were determined for each pollutant separately. Based on the analysis of trends, risks that may arise in the future were identified.

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