The Prevalence of Hepatitis B Infection in Adults with no Recognized Increased Risk of Infection

2000 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Soldan ◽  
N.J. Gay ◽  
J.P. Allain ◽  
C. Llewelyn ◽  
C. Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hepatitis B Infection ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Increased Risk

scholarly journals Ruxolitinib-Associated Infections in Polycythemia Vera: Review of the Literature, Clinical Significance, and Recommendations

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3132
Author(s):  
Parvis Sadjadian ◽  
Kai Wille ◽  
Martin Griesshammer
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Polycythemia Vera ◽  
Clinical Significance ◽  
Myeloproliferative Neoplasms ◽  
Normal Population ◽  
Secondary Prophylaxis ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Increased Risk

Ruxolitinib (RUX), a JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor, is approved for second-line therapy in patients with polycythemia vera (PV) who are resistant or intolerant to hydroxyurea. Due to the immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive effect of RUX, there is an increased susceptibility to infections. However, an increased risk of infection is inherent to even untreated myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). To obtain more information on the clinical significance of RUX-associated infections in PV, we reviewed the available literature. There is no evidence-based approach to managing infection risks. Most data on RUX-associated infections are available for MF. In all studies, the infection rates in the RUX and control groups were fairly similar, with the exception of infections with the varicella zoster virus (VZV). However, individual cases of bilateral toxoplasmosis retinitis, disseminated molluscum contagiosum, or a mycobacterium tuberculosis infection or a hepatitis B reactivation are reported. A careful assessment of the risk of infection for PV patients is required at the initial presentation and before the start of RUX. Screening for hepatitis B is recommended in all patients. The risk of RUX-associated infections is lower with PV than with MF, but compared to a normal population there is an increased risk of VZV infection. However, primary VZV prophylaxis for PV patients is not recommended, while secondary prophylaxis can be considered individually. As early treatment is most effective for VZV, patients should be properly informed and trained to seek medical advice immediately if cutaneous signs of VZV develop. Vaccination against influenza, herpes zoster, and pneumococci should be considered in all PV patients at risk of infection, especially if RUX treatment is planned. Current recommendations do not support adjusting or discontinuing JAK inhibition in MPN patients to reduce the risk of COVID-19.

Vaccination Induced Immunity to the Hepatitis B Virus among High-Risk Groups in Glasgow 1993–2001: Evaluating the Effectiveness of the United Kingdom's Selective Immunisation Policy

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 13-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
KM Roy ◽  
DJ Goldberg ◽  
K Wilson ◽  
SO Cameron
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Selective Approach ◽  
Hiv Test ◽  
Increased Risk

Background and Aims The United Kingdom has adopted a selective approach to the control of hepatitis B (HBV), vaccinating those at increased risk of infection through lifestyle, occupation or other factors such as close contact with a case or carrier. This paper sought to assess the effectiveness of the targeted HBV vaccination programme, by determining the level of immunity and exposure to HBV infection among three high risk groups (injecting drug users (IDUs), men who have sex with men (MSM) and heterosexuals attending genitourinary medicine clinics) at three time points between 1993–2001 in Glasgow, Scotland. Methods Residual sera from i) IDUs having a named HIV test and ii) MSM and heterosexual men and women attending GUM clinics and undergoing routine syphilis serology testing, were tested anonymously for HBV infection. Results The overall prevalence of HBV infection remained at a low level in all three risk groups. IDUs continue to be the group at greatest risk of infection. Discussion Despite the implementation of new initiatives targeting high-risk groups, vaccination levels remain low in the populations studied.

scholarly journals Liver Fibrosis and Hepatitis B Coinfection among ART Naïve HIV-Infected Patients at a Tertiary Level Hospital in Northwestern Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Semvua B. Kilonzo ◽  
Daniel W. Gunda ◽  
Flora Kashasha ◽  
Bonaventura C. Mpondo
Keyword(s):  
Liver Fibrosis ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Aspartate Aminotransferase ◽  
Hepatitis B Surface Antigen ◽  
Clinical Information ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Hepatitis B Infection ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Northwestern Tanzania ◽  
Increased Risk

Background. Liver fibrosis which is a common complication of chronic hepatitis B infection is rarely diagnosed in low-resource countries due to limited capacity to perform biopsy studies. Data on the utilization of noninvasive techniques which are feasible for diagnosis of liver fibrosis in these settings among HIV-infected patients is scarce. The objective of this study was to establish the magnitude of liver fibrosis by using both aspartate-aminotransferase-to-platelets ratio and fibrosis-4 scores with associated hepatitis B coinfection among antiretroviral therapy naïve HIV-infected patients. Methods. We reviewed data of 743 adult patients attending HIV clinic with available hepatitis B surface antigen test results. Baseline clinical information was recorded and aspartate-aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio and fibrosis-4 scores were calculated. The cut-off values of 1.5 and 3.25 were used for diagnosis of significant fibrosis by aspartate-aminotransferase-to-platelets ratio and fibrosis-4 scores, respectively. Results. The prevalence of liver fibrosis was 3.5% when aspartate-aminotransferase-to-platelet score was used and 4.6% with fibrosis-4 score and they were both significantly higher among patients with hepatitis B coinfection. Younger patients with HIV advanced disease and elevated liver transaminases had increased risk of having hepatitis B coinfection. Conclusion. A remarkable number of HIV-infected patients present with liver fibrosis, predominantly those with hepatitis B infection.

Increased risk of exposure to hepatitis b infection among butchers sharing knives

1999 ◽  
Vol 106 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dror Mevorach ◽  
Mayer Brezis ◽  
Fiamenta Ben Yishai ◽  
Tomi Sadeh ◽  
Daniel Shouval ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hepatitis B Infection ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Risk Of Exposure

Chronic hepatitis B infection is not associated with increased risk of vascular mortality while having an association with metabolic syndrome

2016 ◽  
Vol 88 (7) ◽  
pp. 1230-1237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aezam Katoonizadeh ◽  
Shima Ghoroghi ◽  
Maryam Sharafkhah ◽  
Masoud Khoshnia ◽  
Samaneh Mirzaei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Chronic Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Chronic Hepatitis B ◽  
Hepatitis B Infection ◽  
Chronic Hepatitis B Infection ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Vascular Mortality

scholarly journals Obesity and hepatitis B infection are associated with increased risk of metabolic syndrome in university freshmen

2007 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 474-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
S-L Yen ◽  
T-Y Chiu ◽  
Y-C Lin ◽  
Y-C Lee ◽  
L-T Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hepatitis B Infection ◽  
Increased Risk

scholarly journals Characterization of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Impairment in Middle-Aged and Older Persons With HIV in Lima, Peru

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica M. Diaz ◽  
Marcela Gil Zacarías ◽  
Patricia Sotolongo ◽  
María F. Sanes ◽  
Donald J. Franklin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Psychiatric Comorbidity ◽  
Neurocognitive Impairment ◽  
Cognitive Test ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Hepatitis B Infection ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Increased Risk

Background: With widespread use of antiretroviral medications, people living with HIV (PWH) are living longer worldwide, increasing their risk of developing neurocognitive impairment (NCI). The proportion of Peruvians over age 60 is expected to increase to 25% of the population by 2050, including PWH. Therefore, the problem of aging and NCI, especially in the setting of HIV infection, is uniquely pressing. We sought to study the rates of and risk factors associated with NCI among middle-aged and older PWH in Lima, Peru.Materials and Methods: Sociodemographic, medical (infectious and non-infectious), and psychiatric comorbidity and laboratory data were collected. We administered a brief neuropsychological battery evaluating seven cognitive domains affected in HIV-associated NCI and a depression screening. Cognitive test raw scores were converted to T-scores that were demographically adjusted. Descriptive statistics were performed together with regression (unadjusted and adjusted) analyses to determine potential risk factors for NCI among PWH.Results: This was a cross-sectional study in which 144 PWH aged ≥40 years attending a large HIV clinic in Lima, Peru, were recruited from September 2019 to March 2020. Mean age was 51.6 ± 7.7 years, and mean years of education were 14.0 ± 3.1 with 15% females. Median [interquartile range (IQR)] current CD4 and nadir CD4 were 554 (371, 723) and 179 (83, 291), respectively, and 10% currently had AIDS. The prevalence of NCI was 28.5%, and many demonstrated difficulty with attention and working memory (70%). One-quarter of PWH had mild depression or worse on Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9 ≥ 5). In bivariate analyses, neither a depression history nor a higher PHQ-9 score correlated with NCI. No other non-communicable medical or psychiatric comorbidity nor HIV characteristic was predictive of NCI. Having a positive lifetime history of hepatitis B infection, pulmonary tuberculosis, or syphilis increased risk of NCI (PR 1.72; 95% CI 1.04–2.86) in unadjusted analyses, but not in adjusted analyses.Conclusions: NCI among older Peruvians with HIV was found to be highly prevalent with levels consistent with prior reports of HIV-associated NCI worldwide. Common latent HIV-associated co-infections, including latent syphilis, hepatitis B infection, or pulmonary tuberculosis, may increase the risk of NCI among middle-aged and older PWH in Peru.

scholarly journals The prevalence of hepatitis B infection in adults in England and Wales

1999 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. J. GAY ◽  
L. M. HESKETH ◽  
K. P. OSBORNE ◽  
C. P. FARRINGTON ◽  
P. MORGAN-CAPNER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hepatitis B Vaccination ◽  
Country Of Birth ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Robust Estimate ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Prevalence Studies ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Low Prevalence

Cost effectiveness analyses of alternative hepatitis B vaccination programmes in England and Wales require a robust estimate of the lifetime risk of carriage. To this end, we report the prevalence of infection in 3781 anonymized individuals aged 15–44 years whose sera were submitted in 1996 to 16 microbiology laboratories in England and Wales. One hundred and forty-six individuals (3·9%) were confirmed as anti HBc positive, including 14 chronic carriers (0·37%). The prevalence of infection and carriage was higher in samples collected in London and increased with age. No increased risk of infection was seen in sera from genito-urinary (GUM) clinics. Only 15 sera positive for hepatitis B were also positive for hepatitis C. Our results confirm the low prevalence of hepatitis B in England and Wales, are consistent with previous estimates of carriage and suggest that many infections were acquired while resident outside the UK. Future prevalence studies should determine the country of birth and other risk factors for each individual in order to confirm these findings.

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