Medical Emergencies During a Half Marathon Race – The Influence of Weather

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (05) ◽  
pp. 312-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Carlström ◽  
Mats Borjesson ◽  
Gunnar Palm ◽  
Amir Khorram-Manesh ◽  
Fredrik Lindberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Equivalent Temperature ◽  
Physiological Equivalent Temperature ◽  
Marathon Race ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Medical Emergencies ◽  
Pet Index ◽  
Maximum Air Temperature

AbstractThe aim was to analyze the influence of weather conditions on medical emergencies in a half-marathon, specifically by evaluating its relation to the number of non-finishers, ambulance-required assistances, and collapses in need of ambulance as well as looking at the location of such emergencies on the race course. Seven years of data from the world’s largest half marathon were used. Meteorological data were obtained from a nearby weather station, and the Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) index was used as a measure of general weather conditions. Of the 315,919 race starters, 104 runners out of the 140 ambulance-required assistances needed ambulance services due to collapses. Maximum air temperature and PET significantly co-variated with ambulance-required assistances, collapses, and non-finishers (R2=0.65–0.92; p=0.001–0.03). When air temperatures vary between 15–29°C, an increase of 1°C results in an increase of 2.5 (0.008/1000) ambulance-required assistances, 2.5 (0.008/1000) collapses (needing ambulance services), and 107 (0.34/1000) non-finishers. The results also indicate that when the daily maximum PET varies between 18–35°C, an increase of 1°C PET results in an increase of 1.8 collapses (0.006/1000) needing ambulance services and 66 non-finishers (0.21/1000).

Relationship Between Pavement Temperature and Weather Data: Wisconsin Field Study to Verify Superpave Algorithm

1998 ◽  
Vol 1609 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Bosscher ◽  
Hussain U. Bahia ◽  
Suwitho Thomas ◽  
Jeffrey S. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Temperature Data ◽  
Pavement Design ◽  
Asphalt Binders ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Pavement Temperature

Six test sections were constructed on US-53 in Trempealeau County by using different performance-graded asphalt binders to validate the Superpave pavement temperature algorithm and the binder specification limits. Field instrumentation was installed in two of the test sections to monitor the thermal behavior of the pavement as affected by weather. The instrumentation was used specifically to monitor the temperature of the test sections as a function of time and depth from the pavement surface. A meteorological station was assembled at the test site to monitor weather conditions, including air temperature. Details of the instrumentation systems used and analysis of the data collected during the first 22 months of the project are presented. The analysis was focused on development of a statistical model for estimation of low and high pavement temperatures from meteorological data. The model was compared to the Superpave recommended model and to the more recent model recommended by the Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) program. The temperature data analysis indicates a strong agreement between the new model and the LTPP model for the estimation of low pavement design temperature. However, the analysis indicates that the LTPP and Superpave models underestimate the high pavement design temperature at air temperatures higher than 30°C. The temperature data analyses also indicate that there are significant differences between the standard deviation of air temperatures and the standard deviation of the pavement temperatures. These differences raise some questions about the accuracy of the reliability estimates used in the current Superpave recommendations.

scholarly journals Sea Breeze Front and Outdoor Thermal Comfort during Summer in Northeastern Brazil

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1013
Author(s):  
Max Anjos ◽  
António Lopes ◽  
Andrews José de Lucena ◽  
Francisco Mendonça
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Sea Breeze ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Outdoor Thermal Comfort ◽  
Physiological Equivalent Temperature ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Local Climate Zones

Characterizing the behaviour of the sea breeze phenomenon is the foremost factor in the reduction in the heat stress and the achievement of the pleasant environment in coastal cities globally. However, this seminal study shows that the Sea Breeze Front (SBF) development can be related to an increase in outdoor thermal discomfort in a northeastern Brazilian city during summer. We explored the relationship between SBF and thermal comfort conditions using in situ meteorological observations, the SBF identification method, local climate zones (LCZs) classification, and the Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) thermal comfort index. SBF days and Non-SBF days were characterized in terms of weather conditions, combining meteorological data and technical bulletins. SBF days included hot and sunny days associated with the centre of the Upper Tropospheric Cyclonic Vortices (UTCV). In contrast, Non-SBF days were observed in UTCV’s periphery because of cloudy sky and rainfall. The results showed that the mean temperature and PET in the SBF days were 2.0 °C and 3.8 °C higher, respectively, compared to Non-SBF days in all LCZ sites. The highest PET, of 40.0 °C, was found on SBF days. Our findings suggest that SBF development could be an aggravating factor for increasing heat stress of the people living in the northeastern coast of the Brazilian city, after SBF passage.

Is Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) a superior screening tool for heat stress risk than Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) index? Eight years of data from the Gothenburg half marathon

2020 ◽  
pp. bjsports-2019-100632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofia Thorsson ◽  
David Rayner ◽  
Gunnar Palm ◽  
Fredrik Lindberg ◽  
Eric Carlström ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Screening Tool ◽  
Radiant Heat ◽  
Climate Index ◽  
Sporting Events ◽  
Equivalent Temperature ◽  
Physiological Equivalent Temperature ◽  
Wet Bulb Globe Temperature ◽  
Globe Temperature ◽  
Pet Index

BackgroundThe Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) index is a common tool to screen for heat stress for sporting events. However, the index has a number of limitations. Rational indices, such as the physiological equivalent temperature (PET) and Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI), are potential alternatives.AimTo identify the thermal index that best predicts ambulance-required assistances and collapses during a city half marathon.MethodsEight years (2010–2017) of meteorological and ambulance transport data, including medical records, from Gothenburg’s half-marathon were used to analyse associations between WBGT, PET and UTCI and the rates of ambulance-required assistances and collapses. All associations were evaluated by Monte-Carlo simulations and leave-one-out-cross-validation.ResultsThe PET index showed the strongest correlation with both the rate of ambulance-required assistances (R2=0.72, p=0.008) and collapses (R2=0.71, p=0.008), followed by the UTCI (R2=0.64, p=0.017; R2=0.64, p=0.017) whereas the WBGT index showed substantially poorer correlations (R2=0.56, p=0.031; R2=0.56, p=0.033). PET stages of stress, match the rates of collapses better that the WBGT flag colour warning. Compared with the PET, the WBGT underestimates heat stress, especially at high radiant heat load. The rate of collapses increases with increasing heat stress; large increase from the day before the race seems to have an impact of the rate of collapses.ConclusionWe contend that the PET is a better predictor of collapses during a half marathon than the WBGT. We call for further investigation of PET as a screening tool alongside WBGT.

scholarly journals Evaluation of tourism climate conditions at three stations of Noshahr, Ramsar and Rasht using the physiological equivalent temperature and average predicted polling index

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Reza Kakvan ◽  
Bohloul Alijani ◽  
Mohammad Saliqeh
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Equivalent Temperature ◽  
The Caspian Sea ◽  
Physiological Equivalent Temperature ◽  
Conservation Area ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Tourism Climate

Provinces located on the southern shores of the Caspian Sea are one of the most important northern places in the country that have always attracted a great deal of tourists in different seasons of the year due to their various natural, human and historical attractions. Every year, they welcome different tourists. These beaches, while having attractive features for tourists, can also play a vital role in the sustainable development of the natural scenery and conservation area. One of the steps to reach sustainable development is tourism planning. The first step in this area is to assess the tourism climate in the country. In this study, in order to evaluate the conditions of the northern climate of Iran's climate, the meteorological data of synoptic stations of Noshahr, Ramsar and Rasht have been used in a 30-year statistical period divided into three decades of age. The method used to assess the climate of comfort, the physiological equivalent temperature index, and the predicted mean of the survey. The results of this study show that the highest climatic conditions for spending leisure time and tourism activities in this region are two separate periods in the middle of spring (May and June) and the beginning of the fall season (October). The continuation of average heat stress from July to August and cold stress from different periods from November to the end of the winter season is a factor for tourism constraints during these months. For other months, they have relatively good weather conditions in terms of temperature and humidity in a little warm and slightly cool thermal condition. Also, changes over the decades indicate climate change and impact on thermal comfort.

scholarly journals Daily Minimum and Maximum Air Temperature in Poland in the Years 1951–2005

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Kejna ◽  
Andrzej Araźny ◽  
Rafał Maszewski ◽  
Rajmund Przybylak ◽  
Joanna Uscka-Kowalkowska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Grid Data ◽  
The North ◽  
Nao Index ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
The North Atlantic Oscillation ◽  
Maximum Air Temperature

Abstract In this study grid data of daily maximum and minimum air temperatures taken from the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis for the territory of Poland for the years 1951-2005 have been used as a basis for an analysis of the spatial distribution of daily maximum and minimum air temperature, the frequency of characteristic days and the variability of these parameters in the period analysed. The results obtained were then compared to the variability in atmospheric circulation in Europe, described by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index.

scholarly journals Evolution of Heat Index (HI) and Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) Index at Mumbai and Pune Cities, India

MAUSAM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 915-934
Author(s):  
MANASI DESAI ◽  
ASHISH NAVALE ◽  
AMIT G. DHORDE
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Meteorological Parameters ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Heat Index ◽  
Stepwise Multiple Regression ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Equivalent Temperature ◽  
Physiological Equivalent Temperature ◽  
Pet Index

In the present study, trends in heat stress during summer and monsoon season months were assessed for two cities, Pune and Mumbai, for the period of 47 years from 1969 to2015 with the application of empirically derived Heat Index (HI) and rational heat balance based Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) index. A stepwise multiple regression analysis was applied to determine contributing meteorological parameters responsible for changes in heat stress incidences. The study reveals a considerable increase in heat stress during the summer months over Mumbai compared to Pune city. Similarly, during the end months of monsoon season, thermal discomfort conditions aggravate over both the cities, with statistically significant rising trends. The actual identification and categorization of thermally discomfortable days during the study period in accordance with the Heat Index were moderate. They remained consistent in Pune during summer, however, in monsoon, heat stress incidences were meager. While at Mumbai days with 'High' and 'Very High,' heat stress have increased towards recent years. Categorization according to PET index depicted conspicuous presence of 'Strong' and 'Extreme heat stress' at Pune, while at Mumbai, 'Warm' and 'Hot' days portrayeda slight increase.  The assessment of meteorological parameters depicted that increased humidity and temperature were the main concern for the increase in heat stress over Mumbai. In contrast, mean radiant temperature, ambient air temperature with restricted wind speed leading to high sensible heat may be responsible for the significant increasing trend in PET. The study infers that both the cities are vulnerable to escalating heat stress and may have adverse implications on the health of city dwellers. 

Impact of weather conditions on variability in sunflower yield over years in eastern parts of Croatia and Hungary

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Mijić ◽  
I. Liović ◽  
V. Kovačević ◽  
P. Pepó
Keyword(s):  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Field Crops ◽  
Oil Crops ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Important Field ◽  
The Impact

Oil crops constitute the second most important field crops worldwide and are important both in Hungary and Croatia. Among the oil crops, sunflower has a significant role in Hungary (∼550,000 ha) and Croatia (∼30,000 ha). The main aim of this study was to compare sunflower yields and their variation over years (2000–2007) in the eastern parts of Hungary and Croatia, with the emphasis on the impact of rainfall and temperature regime, and using a rain factor (RFm) calculated monthly as the quotient of precipitation (mm) and mean air temperatures (°C). The results showed that the year had a different effect on the yield of sunflower in the different counties of eastern Hungary and Croatia, because of their different soil conditions. The results proved that the highest yields of sunflower (2140–2710 kg ha−1) were obtained in years when the rainfall before and during the vegetation period was 110–130 mm and 350–420 mm, which was very similar to the 30-year mean data (82–108 mm and 305–346 mm, respectively). The strongest correlations (positive and negative r values) between meteorological data and sunflower yields were found in counties with unfavourable soil conditions. In counties with better soil fertility the correlation coefficients were smaller, indicating that better soil conditions can compensate for unfavourable year effects (especially temporary shortage of rainfall or unfavourable rainfall distribution).

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