scholarly journals Current Insights into the Potential Misuse of Platelet-based Applications for Doping in Sports

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (07) ◽  
pp. 427-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Scully ◽  
Antonios Matsakas
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Competitive Sports ◽  
The World ◽  
Doping In Sports ◽  
Platelet Releasate ◽  
World Anti Doping Agency

AbstractPlatelet-based applications are currently used for the delivery of growth factors and other biomolecules as autologous biomaterials in regenerative medicine and cosmetic therapies. Many studies have revealed that platelet-based applications such as platelet-rich plasma and platelet releasate exhibit beneficial biological effects after a sports injury or trauma when administered locally by intramuscular injections. At present, treatment of the public, patients and athletes with platelet-based applications is permitted and regulated by the Food and Drug Administration and the World Anti-Doping Agency. Since 2011 the use of autologous platelet-rich plasma is permitted in competitive sports by the World Anti-Doping Agency, due to the lack of evidence in performance enhancement and anabolic effects. However, accumulating research has recently shed light on the role of platelet-derived growth factors in wound healing, skeletal myogenesis, muscle stem cell function and tissue regeneration. Although any ergogenic potential of platelet-rich plasma and platelet releasate on intact skeletal muscle and human sports performance remain to be established, novel evidence suggests that platelet-derived growth factors can modulate muscle, tendon, ligament, protein synthesis/degradation, vascularization, energy utilization and regenerative capacity in various experimental settings. Since platelet-based applications are currently not prohibited, they constitute a tool for potential abuse and doping in sports. The aim of this review is to critically discuss and assimilate current insights and biological evidence that set the ground for exploitation and misuse in competitive sports, and develop strategies to combat these activities.

ANALYSIS OF EXPEDIENCY TO USE PLATELET-ENRICHED PLASMA FOR TREATMENT OF ANDROGENETIC ALOPECIA

2020 ◽  
pp. 64-67
Author(s):  
Yu. S. Ovcharenko ◽  
O. A. Salyenkova
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Hair Growth ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Androgenetic Alopecia ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Characteristic Features

A detailed analysis of the published data on the use of platelet−enriched plasma for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia has been performed. Based on the results, it has been suggested that platelet−rich plasma may be considered as a new treatment for pathological hair−related conditions, including androgenetic alopecia. Information on platelet morphology, characteristics of biologically active substances released from activated platelets have been provided. It has been substantiated that platelets play a crucial role in hemostasis and tissue regeneration by stimulating the cell chemotaxis, proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis and deposition of the extracellular matrix. Among the many active components of platelets involved into the recovery of damaged tissue, the growth factors have been particularly noted. The influence of growth factors on the regulation of hair growth cycles has been established. Based on the analysis of their biological effects, the diversity of their action in the regulation of hair growth has been emphasized. Characteristic features of some growth factors, insulin−like growth factor (IGF), have been determined and described, their role in damaged tissue repair, angiogenesis, proliferation and cell differentiation has been noted. The practical experience of application of platelet−enriched plasma in various branches of medicine is summarized, proposals concerning the use of this method as a new way of treatment of androgenetic alopecia have been provided. The question of standardization of this method, study and substantiation of differentiated use of platelet−enriched plasma depending on the stage of androgenetic alopecia in men and women remains debatable. Key words: androgenetic alopecia, platelet−enriched plasma, platelets, growth factors.

Olympic anti-doping laboratory: the analytical technological road from 2016 Rio De Janeiro to 2021 Tokyo

Bioanalysis ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 1511-1527
Author(s):  
Khadija Saad ◽  
Sofia Salama ◽  
Peter Horvatovich ◽  
Mohammed Al Maadheed ◽  
Costas Georgakopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
International Olympic Committee ◽  
The World ◽  
Doping In Sports ◽  
World Anti Doping Agency ◽  
Accredited Laboratory ◽  
Modern Era

The summer Olympic Games is the major mega sports event since the first modern era Olympiad, held in Athens, Greece in 1896. International Olympic Committee (IOC) has the responsibility of the organization of the summer and winter Games ensuring the broadcast in all corners of earth. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) is the responsible organization of the fight against doping in sports. IOC and WADA support the event's country WADA Accredited Laboratory to incorporate the maximum of the new analytical technologies to become applicable during the event's antidoping testing. The current study reviewed the last 5 years progresses of the antidoping system with emphasis on the laboratory field.

Statins: A Conceivable Remedial Role for the Regulation of Cancer Progression

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-145
Author(s):  
Gajanan V. Sherbet
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Tumour Growth ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Mevalonate Pathway ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Vegf Receptor ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Cancer Management ◽  
Metabolic Role

The mevalonate pathway (also known as the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway) plays a crucial metabolic role in normal cell function as well as in the pathological environment. It leads to the synthesis of sterol and non-sterol isoprenoid biomolecules which subserve a variety of cellular functions. It is known to be deregulated in many disease processes. Statins and bisphosphonates are prominent inhibitors of the mevalonate pathway. They inhibit cell proliferation and activate apoptotic signalling and suppress tumour growth. Statins subdue metastatic spread of tumours by virtue of their ability to suppress invasion and angiogenesis. The induction of autophagy is another feature of statin effects that could contribute to the suppression of metastasis. Herein highlighted are the major signalling systems that statins engage to generate these biological effects. Statins can constrain tumour growth by influencing the expression and function of growth factor and receptor systems. They may suppress epithelial mesenchymal transition with resultant inhibition of cell survival signalling, together with the inhibition of cancer stem cell generation, and their maintenance and expansion. They can suppress ER (oestrogen receptor)-α in breast cancer cells. Statins have been implicated in the activation of the serine/threonine protein kinase AMPK (5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein) leading to the suppression of cell proliferation. Both statins and bisphosphonates can suppress angiogenic signalling by HIF (hypoxia- inducible factor)-1/eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide synthase) and VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor)/VEGFR (VEGF receptor). Statins have been linked with improvements in disease prognosis. Also attributed to them is the ability of cancer prevention and reduction of risk of some forms of cancer. The wide spectrum of cancer associated events which these mevalonate inhibitors appear to influence would suggest a conceivable role for them in cancer management. However, much deliberation is warranted in the design and planning of clinical trials, their scope and definition of endpoints, modes risk assessment and the accrual of benefits.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet O'Shea
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Fair Play ◽  
Competitive Sports ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
The Social ◽  
Physical Play ◽  
The World ◽  
Right Wing Populism

This section contends with a central irony: Americans are among the most competitive people in the world, and yet we are among the least likely to play competitive sports in adulthood. This exercise gap is usually treated as a public health problem; the goal of this section is to treat it as a social and cultural concern. The conclusion therefore investigates the social and political implications of an American tendency to outsource physical play to experts: higher levels of fear, increased preoccupation with success at all costs, decreased creativity, and increasing rigidity of perspective and position. Specifically, the conclusion maintains that a neglect of fair play has dire consequences for democracy, a suggestion born out by the recent swing toward right-wing populism in politics.

scholarly journals Use of PRP, PRF and CGF in Periodontal Regeneration and Facial Rejuvenation—A Narrative Review

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 317
Author(s):  
Eitan Mijiritsky ◽  
Haya Drora Assaf ◽  
Oren Peleg ◽  
Maayan Shacham ◽  
Loredana Cerroni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Periodontal Regeneration ◽  
Clinical Work ◽  
Gingival Recession ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Facial Rejuvenation ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
The Past ◽  
Autologous Platelet

Growth factors (GFs) play a vital role in cell proliferation, migration, differentiation and angiogenesis. Autologous platelet concentrates (APCs) which contain high levels of GFs make them especially suitable for periodontal regeneration and facial rejuvenation. The main generations of APCs presented are platelet-rich plasma (PRP), platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) and concentrated growth factor (CGF) techniques. The purpose of this review is to provide the clinician with an overview of APCs’ evolution over the past decade in order to give reliable and useful information to be used in clinical work. This review summarizes the most interesting and novel articles published between 1997 and 2020. Electronic and manual searches were conducted in the following databases: Pubmed, Scopus, Cochrane Library and Embase. The following keywords were used: growth factors, VEGF, TGF-b1, PRP, PRF, CGF and periodontal regeneration and/or facial rejuvenation. A total of 73 articles were finally included. The review then addresses the uses of the three different techniques in the two disciplines, as well as the advantages and limitations of each technique. Overall, PRP is mainly used in cases of hard and soft tissue procedures, while PRF is used in gingival recession and the treatment of furcation and intrabony defects; CGF is mainly used in bone regeneration.

Clinical Efficacy of Platelet-Rich Plasma Injection and Its Association With Growth Factors in the Treatment of Mild to Moderate Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Clinical Trial As Compared With Hyaluronic Acid

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 487-496
Author(s):  
Yong-Beom Park ◽  
Jun-Ho Kim ◽  
Chul-Won Ha ◽  
Dong-Hyun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
Growth Factors ◽  
Knee Osteoarthritis ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Clinical Efficacy ◽  
Global Assessment ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Patient Global Assessment ◽  
Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis ◽  
Symptomatic Knee

Background: Although platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has potential as a regenerative treatment for knee osteoarthritis, its efficacy varies. Compositional differences among types of PRP could affect clinical outcomes, but the biological characterization of PRP is lacking. Purpose: To assess the efficacy of intra-articular PRP injection in knee osteoarthritis as compared with hyaluronic acid (HA) injection and to determine whether the clinical efficacy of PRP is associated with its biological characteristics. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. Methods: A total of 110 patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis received a single injection of leukocyte-rich PRP (1 commercial kit) or HA. Clinical data were assessed at baseline and at 6 weeks and 3 and 6 months after injection. The primary endpoint was an improvement in the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective score at 6 months, and the secondary endpoints were improvements in scores based on the Patient Global Assessment, the visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, and the Samsung Medical Center patellofemoral score. Cell counts and concentrations of growth factors and cytokines in the injected PRP were assessed to determine their association with clinical outcomes. Results: PRP showed significantly improvement in IKDC subjective scores at 6 months (11.5 in the PRP group vs 6.3 in the HA group; P = .029). There were no significant differences between groups in other clinical outcomes. The Patient Global Assessment score at 6 months was better in the PRP group ( P = .035). The proportion of patients who scored above the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for VAS at 6 months was significantly higher in the PRP group ( P = .044). Within the PRP group, the concentrations of platelet-derived growth factors were high in patients with a score above the MCID for VAS at 6 months. The incidence of adverse events did not differ between the groups ( P > .05). Conclusion: PRP had better clinical efficacy than HA. High concentrations of growth factors were observed in patients who scored above the MCID for clinical outcomes in the PRP group. These findings indicate that concentration of growth factors needs to be taken into consideration for future investigations of PRP in knee osteoarthritis. Registration: NCT02211521 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier).

Platelet-rich plasma, a source of autologous growth factors and biomimetic scaffold for peripheral nerve regeneration

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikel Sánchez ◽  
Eduardo Anitua ◽  
Diego Delgado ◽  
Peio Sanchez ◽  
Roberto Prado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Nerve Regeneration ◽  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Peripheral Nerve Regeneration ◽  
Biomimetic Scaffold
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document