The Role of Surgery and Adjuvant Therapies for Meningeal Sarcoma with Brain Invasion

2014 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Invasion ◽  
Adjuvant Therapies ◽  
Meningeal Sarcoma

scholarly journals Benefits under the Sea: The Role of Marine Compounds in Neurodegenerative Disorders

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Mariano Catanesi ◽  
Giulia Caioni ◽  
Vanessa Castelli ◽  
Elisabetta Benedetti ◽  
Michele d’Angelo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
Adjuvant Therapies ◽  
Marine Habitats ◽  
Marine Compounds

Marine habitats offer a rich reservoir of new bioactive compounds with great pharmaceutical potential; the variety of these molecules is unique, and its production is favored by the chemical and physical conditions of the sea. It is known that marine organisms can synthesize bioactive molecules to survive from atypical environmental conditions, such as oxidative stress, photodynamic damage, and extreme temperature. Recent evidence proposed a beneficial role of these compounds for human health. In particular, xanthines, bryostatin, and 11-dehydrosinulariolide displayed encouraging neuroprotective effects in neurodegenerative disorders. This review will focus on the most promising marine drugs’ neuroprotective potential for neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases. We will describe these marine compounds’ potential as adjuvant therapies for neurodegenerative diseases, based on their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties.

scholarly journals Chemokine receptors CCR2 and CX3CR1 regulate viral encephalitis-induced hippocampal damage but not seizures

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (38) ◽  
pp. E8929-E8938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Käufer ◽  
Chintan Chhatbar ◽  
Sonja Bröer ◽  
Inken Waltl ◽  
Luca Ghita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemokine Receptors ◽  
Viral Encephalitis ◽  
Myeloid Cells ◽  
Cns Infection ◽  
Hippocampal Damage ◽  
Relative Role ◽  
Cd11b Expression ◽  
Brain Invasion ◽  
Reporter Mice

Viral encephalitis is a major risk factor for the development of seizures, epilepsy, and hippocampal damage with associated cognitive impairment, markedly reducing quality of life in survivors. The mechanisms underlying seizures and hippocampal neurodegeneration developing during and after viral encephalitis are only incompletely understood, hampering the development of preventive treatments. Recent findings suggest that brain invasion of blood-born monocytes may be critically involved in both seizures and brain damage in response to encephalitis, whereas the relative role of microglia, the brain’s resident immune cells, in these processes is not clear. CCR2 and CX3CR1 are two chemokine receptors that regulate the responses of myeloid cells, such as monocytes and microglia, during inflammation. We used Ccr2-KO and Cx3cr1-KO mice to understand the role of these receptors in viral encephalitis-associated seizures and neurodegeneration, using the Theiler’s virus model of encephalitis in C57BL/6 mice. Our results show that CCR2 as well as CX3CR1 plays a key role in the accumulation of myeloid cells in the CNS and activation of hippocampal myeloid cells upon infection. Furthermore, by using Cx3cr1-creER+/−tdTomatoSt/Wt reporter mice, we show that, with regard to CD45 and CD11b expression, some microglia become indistinguishable from monocytes during CNS infection. Interestingly, the lack of CCR2 or CX3CR1 receptors was associated with almost complete prevention of hippocampal damage but did not prevent seizure development after viral CNS infection. These data are compatible with the hypothesis that CNS inflammatory mechanism(s) other than the infiltrating myeloid cells trigger the development of seizures during viral encephalitis.

scholarly journals Role of NS1 and TLR3 in Pathogenesis and Immunity of WNV

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sameera Patel ◽  
Alessandro Sinigaglia ◽  
Luisa Barzon ◽  
Matteo Fassan ◽  
Florian Sparber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Brain Inflammation ◽  
Genome Replication ◽  
Structural Protein ◽  
Brain Invasion ◽  
Brain Infection ◽  
Viral Genome Replication ◽  
Tlr3 Signaling

West Nile Virus (WNV) is a mosquito-transmitted flavivirus which causes encephalitis especially in elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Previous studies have suggested the protective role of the Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) pathway against WNV entry into the brain, while the WNV non-structural protein 1 (NS1) interferes with the TLR3 signaling pathway, besides being a component of viral genome replication machinery. In this study, we investigated whether immunization with NS1 could protect against WNV neuroinvasion in the context of TLR3 deficiency. We immunized mice with either an intact or deleted TLR3 system (TLR3KO) with WNV envelope glycoprotein (gE) protein, NS1, or a combination of gE and NS1. Immunization with gE or gE/NS1, but not with NS1 alone, induced WNV neutralizing antibodies and protected against WNV brain invasion and inflammation. The presence of intact TLR3 signaling had no apparent effect on WNV brain invasion. However, mock-immunized TLR3KO mice had higher inflammatory cell invasion upon WNV brain infection than NS1-immunized TLR3KO mice and wild type mice. Thus, immunization against NS1 may reduce brain inflammation in a context of TLR3 signaling deficiency.

Surgical Management of Cranial Base Metastases

Neurosurgery ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 802-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roukoz B. Chamoun ◽  
Dima Suki ◽  
Franco DeMonte
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Deficit ◽  
Symptom Relief ◽  
Progression Free Survival ◽  
Cranial Base ◽  
Cancer Center ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
Karnofsky Performance Scale ◽  
Consecutive Series ◽  
Brain Invasion

Abstract BACKGROUND: Cranial base metastases (CBM) are rare and have received limited attention in the medical literature. Questions remain regarding the role of surgery, if any, in the management of these tumors. OBJECTIVE: To report surgical outcomes in a consecutive series of patients with CBM and to better define the role of surgery in their management. METHODS: Twenty-seven patients with CBM underwent surgery between 1996 and 2009 at MD Anderson Cancer Center. A retrospective review of their prospectively collected data was performed after obtaining institutional review board approval. The median patient age was 52 years. The most common pathology was renal cell carcinoma (6 patients). Surgical indications were worsening neurological deficit, disfiguring mass, and the need for a diagnosis. RESULTS: Gross total resection was achieved in 59% of the cases. The median survival was 11.4 months. The median progression-free survival was 5.8 months. A Karnofsky Performance Scale score less than 90, dural invasion, and brain invasion were associated with a shorter survival. Seven patients were neurologically intact preoperatively; all of them remained intact after surgery. Among all patients with preoperative neurological deficit, 11 remained stable, 7 improved, and 2 had worsening of their deficit postoperatively. CONCLUSION: The goal of surgery for CBM is to provide symptom relief and to preserve functional status in well-selected cases. Patient selection is critical because the surgery is usually palliative, and only a minority of patients are surgical candidates. Radiation therapy remains the management option of choice for the majority of patients.

High expression of stathmin protein predicts a fulminant course in medulloblastoma

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng-Fai Kuo ◽  
Huei-Shyong Wang ◽  
Quang-Ting Kuo ◽  
Chia-Tung Shun ◽  
Hey-Chi Hsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Expression ◽  
Expression Level ◽  
Ki 67 ◽  
Adjuvant Therapies ◽  
Average Survival ◽  
Tumor Dissemination ◽  
Lost To Follow Up

Object Stathmin, an important cytosolic phosphoprotein, is involved in cell proliferation and motility. This study was performed to elucidate the role of stathmin in the progression of medulloblastoma. Methods The expression of stathmin protein was examined by immunohistochemical staining of tumor sections obtained in 17 consecutive patients with medulloblastoma who underwent resection between 1995 and 2005. Four patients were excluded because they were either lost to follow-up or underwent biopsy sampling only, leaving a total of 13 patients in the study. The stathmin expression was scored according to the immunoreactive fraction of tumor cells, and the level was correlated with various clinicopathological factors. Results The expression level of stathmin protein was ≤ 10% in 9 patients, 11–50% in 1, and > 50% in 3. No staining was seen in the tissues adjacent to the tumors. For comparison, the authors grouped the expression level of stathmin into high (> 50%) and low (≤ 50%). It was found that patients with high expression of stathmin had more frequent tumor dissemination at the time of resection or soon after total excision of the tumor (p = 0.0035), and hence experienced a fulminant course with lower patient survival (p < 0.0001), with an average survival period of 6.7 months (range 2–10 months). The expression level of stathmin did not correlate with patient age, sex, CSF cytological findings, use of adjuvant therapies, Ki 67 index, or risk classification of the tumors according to previously described categories in the literature. Conclusions High stathmin expression correlates with tumor dissemination, is an important prognostic factor of medulloblastoma, and may serve as a useful marker for more intensive adjuvant therapies.

scholarly journals Evidence of a Role for Monocytes in Dissemination and Brain Invasion by Cryptococcus neoformans

2008 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Charlier ◽  
Kirsten Nielsen ◽  
Samira Daou ◽  
Madly Brigitte ◽  
Fabrice Chretien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽  
Trojan Horse ◽  
Brain Invasion ◽  
Fungal Burden ◽  
Trojan Horse Method ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Intravenous Inoculation

ABSTRACT The pathogenesis of cryptococcosis, including the events leading to the production of meningoencephalitis, is still largely unknown. Evidence of a transcellular passage of Cryptococcus neoformans across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and subsequent BBB disruption exists, but the paracellular passage of free yeasts and the role of monocytes in yeast dissemination and brain invasion (Trojan horse method) remain uncertain. We used our model of disseminated cryptococcosis, in which crossing of the BBB starts 6 h after intravenous inoculation, to study paracellular passage of the BBB. We prepared bone marrow-derived monocytes (BMDM) infected in vitro with C. neoformans (BMDM yeasts) and free yeasts and measured fungal loads in tissues. (i) Spleen and lung CFU were >2-fold higher in mice treated with BMDM yeasts than in those treated with free yeasts for 1 and 24 h (P < 0.05), while brain CFU were increased (3.9 times) only at 24 h (P < 0.05). (ii) By comparing the kinetics of brain invasion in naïve mice and in mice with preestablished cryptococcosis, we found that CFU were lower in the latter case, except at 6 h, when CFU from mice inoculated with BMDM yeasts were comparable to those measured in naïve mice and 2.5-fold higher than those in mice with preestablished cryptococcosis who were inoculated with free yeasts. (iii) Late phagocyte depletion obtained by clodronate injection reduced disease severity and lowered the fungal burden by 40% in all organs studied. These results provide evidence for Trojan horse crossing of the BBB by C. neoformans, together with mechanisms involving free yeasts, and overall for a role of phagocytes in fungal dissemination.

A review of high-risk prostate cancer and the role of neo-adjuvant and adjuvant therapies

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 475-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua R. Gonzalez ◽  
Melissa A. Laudano ◽  
Tara R. McCann ◽  
James M. McKiernan ◽  
Mitchell C. Benson
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Adjuvant Therapies ◽  
High Risk Prostate Cancer ◽  
Risk Prostate Cancer

scholarly journals Pulmonary Metastasectomy in Pediatric Solid Tumors

Children ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole J. Croteau ◽  
Todd E. Heaton
Keyword(s):  
Solid Tumors ◽  
Metastatic Disease ◽  
Pulmonary Metastasectomy ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
Adjuvant Therapies ◽  
Pediatric Solid Tumors ◽  
Common Location ◽  
Solid Malignancies ◽  
Causes Of Mortality

Metastatic disease and the complications of treating metastatic disease are the primary causes of mortality in children with solid malignancies. Nearly 25% of children with solid tumors have metastatic disease at initial diagnosis and another 20% develop metastases during or after treatment. The most common location of these metastases is the lung. The role of surgery in metastatic disease depends greatly on the histology of the primary. In general, tumors that are refractory to adjuvant therapies are most appropriate for pulmonary metastasectomy. This article will summarize the indications for metastasectomy in pediatric solid tumors and discuss the ongoing debate over the technique of metastasectomy in osteosarcoma.

scholarly journals Delayed Invasion of the Kidney and Brain byBorrelia crocidurae in Plasminogen-Deficient Mice

2001 ◽  
Vol 69 (9) ◽  
pp. 5832-5839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annika Nordstrand ◽  
Alireza Shamaei-Tousi ◽  
Annelii Ny ◽  
Sven Bergström
Keyword(s):  
Immunohistochemical Analysis ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Brain Inflammation ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Brain Invasion ◽  
Invasion Mechanism ◽  
Activation System ◽  
Duration Of Infection ◽  
Deficient Mice

ABSTRACT Borrelia crocidurae is an etiologic agent of relapsing fever in Africa and is transmitted to humans by the bite of soft ticks of the genus Ornithodoros. The role of the plasminogen (Plg) activation system for the pathogenicity of B. crocidurae was investigated by infection of Plg-deficient (plg −/−) and Plg wild-type (plg +/+) mice. No differences in spirochetemia were observed between the plg −/− andplg +/+ mice. However, signs indicative of brain invasion, such as neurological symptoms and/or histopathological changes, were more common in plg +/+ mice. Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated infection of spirochetes in kidney interstitium and brain as soon as 2 days postinoculation. Lower numbers of extravascular spirochetes inplg −/− mice during the first days of infection suggested a less efficient invasion mechanism in these mice than in the plg +/+ mice. The invasion of the kidneys in plg −/− mice produced no significant inflammation, as seen by quantitative immunohistochemistry of the CD45 common leukocyte marker. However, significant kidney inflammation was observed with infection in theplg +/+ mice. In brain, inflammation was more severe in plg +/+ mice than inplg −/− mice, and the numbers of CD45+ cells increased significantly with duration of infection in the plg +/+ mice. The results show that invasion of brain and kidney occurs as early as 2 days after inoculation. Also, Plg is not required for establishment of spirochetemia by the organism, whereas it is involved in the invasion of organs.

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