Discriminating Powers of Partial Agreements of Names for Linking Personal Records

1989 ◽  
Vol 28 (02) ◽  
pp. 86-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. Newcombe ◽  
M. E. Fair ◽  
P. Lalonde
Keyword(s):  
Epidemiological Study ◽  
Record Linkage ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Logical Basis ◽  
Apparent Similarity ◽  
The Given

Abstract:Machines have difficulty when using people’s names to link medical and other records pertaining to the same individuals because of nicknames, ethnic synonyms, truncations, misspellings and typographical errors. Present algorithms used to compute the discriminating powers (or ODDS) associated with partial agreements of names are based, inappropriately, on the degrees of outward similarity alone. They are particularly ineffective in dealing with names that look alike but are unrelated, and with related names that have little apparent similarity. A fundamentally different rationale is, therefore, proposed which, like the human mind, assesses the relatedness of two alternative forms of a name in terms of how often they are used, interchangeably in practice. This must be taken into account if the associated discriminating powers (ODDS) are to be correctly computed. A way of implementing this more precise approach is described and illustrated, using the given names on linked records from an earlier epidemiological study. This first study of two describes the logical basis for record linkage, a second one the empirical test.

Discriminating Powers of Partial Agreements of Names for Linking Personal Records

1989 ◽  
Vol 28 (02) ◽  
pp. 92-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. Newcombe ◽  
M. E. Fair ◽  
P. Lalonde
Keyword(s):  
Record Linkage ◽  
Rare Variants ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Linkage Study ◽  
Logical Basis ◽  
Present Account

Abstract:The preceeding paper examined the logical basis of an exact way of calculating the discriminating powers of people’s names when they only partially agree. The method has application to automated file searching and record linkage. The present account describes an empirical test of the approach. Use is made of some 2000 comparison pairs of male given names, obtained as a byproduct from an earlier linkage study. The test shows that exact value-specific ODDS can indeed be calculated for common names when compared with their accepted synonyms (e.g. JOSEPH versus JOE). Moreover, the use can be extended to include rare variants, by arranging these into groups defined in value-specific terms (e.g. as selected blocks in an alphabetically sequenced listing, or combinations of such blocks). A majority of all name comparisons may be handled in this manner.The added precision serves to reduce the numbers of records that are ambiguously linked and require labour intensive clerical resolution.

scholarly journals Potentials of artificial intelligence in construction management

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 2053-2063
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Eber
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Construction Management ◽  
Construction Projects ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Hierarchical Control ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The Given ◽  
Creative Construction

AbstractArtificial intelligence (AI) approaches have been developed since the upcoming of Information Technologies beginning in the 1950s. With rising computing power, the discussion of AI usefulness has been refuelled by new powerful algorithms and, in particular, the availability of the internet as a vast resource of unstructured data.This gives hope to construction management in particular, since construction projects are recently becoming larger and more complex, i.e. encompassing more and more participants focusing on diverging interests while the given frames of time and budget are getting tighter. Finally, construction management is used to establish an efficient organisation of all these issues and able to predict the result with a high degree of precision and certainty.This could be accomplished by the human mind when projects were smaller, but with the recent development human mind is clearly pushed to its limits. On this background, the possible support of AI to organisational tasks needs to be investigated on a theoretical level prior to developing tools. This paper is the extended version of the article ‘Artificial Intelligence in Construction Management – a Perspective’, presented at the Creative Construction Conference 2019 where the algorithmic and entropic scope of AI is investigated in the context of construction management. However, efficient organisation is about restructuring systems into a set of well-separated subsystems, where human intelligence is required to bring in mainly two higher principles which AI fails to provide: the ability to prioritise and creativity allowing for new approaches not derived from given data.This paper additionally focuses on the aspect of in-situ coordination. This service is an aspect of organisation which is not separable and can therefore only be treated as self-determined subsystem, located outside of hierarchical control. At this point algorithms of AI need to be investigated not so much as to substitute human mind but to provide significant support.

Neuromarketing v modernej spoločnosti

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 38-45
Author(s):  
Ivan Uher ◽  
Milena Svedova
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Business Strategies ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Professional Environment ◽  
One Step ◽  
Review Study ◽  
The Given ◽  
Act One

Neuromarketing, we can classify as an avant­garde scientifc discipline. It defnes the boundary between neuroscience and marketing. It works on marketing professionals to re­evaluate their views on consumer thinking and think about their business activities' impact. The neuromarketing aims to apply knowledge from the medical sciences about the human brain's activity and its use in the effectiveness of business strategies and other related felds of study. To offer products and services so that the buyer's behavior is directing towards the purchase. We often think that we know why we act one way or another; these are just illusions that we unknowingly create to explain our actions. Neuromarketing is a scientifc discipline that reveals the mystery of the human mind, answering why consumers prefer a given product. Neuromarketing is one step ahead of other research methods. Thanks to the fact that it can analyze the consumer's wishes, it also provides more accurate results. In our presented review study, we critically evaluate selected scientifc papers in the given area to point out the direction, perspective of neuromarketing, and other challenges and attitudes we face in today's professional environment.

scholarly journals Intensional profiles and different kinds of human minds. “Case studies” about Hungarian imperative-like sentence types

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 6-26
Author(s):  
Gábor Alberti ◽  
Judit Kleiber ◽  
Zsuzsanna Schnell ◽  
Veronika Szabó
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Propositional Content ◽  
Complex Task ◽  
Potential Well ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Given ◽  
Insight Into

The paper offers such description of some imperative-like sentence types in potential well-formed Hungarian utterances which includes a parallel representation of the linguistically encoded intensional profiles of the sentence types and actual information states in potential interlocutors’ minds. In our representational dynamic pragmasemantics framework ReALIS, we demonstrate the intensional profiles of the five basic and two “fine-tuned” sentence types as members of a system enabling addressers’ of utterances to express their beliefs, desires and intentions concerning the propositional content of the given utterances as well as the addressees’ and other people’s certain beliefs, desires and intentions (concerning the propositional content, too, or each other’s thoughts). We also provide “case studies” in which actual beliefs, desires and intentions in potential interlocutors’ minds are compared to the linguistically encoded intensional profiles of Hungarian imperative-like sentence types. In this context, the listener’s task is to calculate the speaker’s intentions (and hidden motives) on the basis of the mismatches that this comparison reveals. The paper concludes with an insight into our attempts to model the mind of individuals living with Autism Spectrum Disorder. This latter subproject is relevant since our framework provides solutions to pragmaticosemantic phenomena “at the cost” of undertaking the complex task of actually representing the structure of the human mind itself – which is not impossible but requires an adequate decision of the level of abstraction and the components to be used.

scholarly journals INCOME AND WEALTH: THEORIZATION OF ESSENCE AND ASYMMETRY OF DISTRIBUTION

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (18(46)) ◽  
pp. 40-49
Author(s):  
Tetyana Valigura
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
National Income ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Material Condition ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Given ◽  
Distribution Of Income

The categories «income» and «wealth» are now at the center of the study of many social sciences and if «income» clearly tends to the field of scientific research of economists and financiers (but is not limited to them), «wealth», is a category in which researchers in the fields of sociology, psychology, philosophy and other sciences are no less interested. The interest of a wide range of sciences in the essence of the studied categories reflects social changes taking place in the world in general and in Ukraine in particular. Thus, according to Credit Suisse, the lower half of wealth owners in mid-2019 owned less than 1% of total world wealth, while the richest 10% owned 82% of world wealth, and the richest 1% of owners – 45%. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the essence of the categories «income» and «wealth» and to form a theoretical basis for the asymmetries of their distribution. The article considers the theoretical essence of the categories «income» and «wealth» and reveals the differences between them. The definition of these categories in the reference literature is analyzed, the key features that characterize them are identified and the definition of the categories «income» and «wealth» in accordance with the given features is formulated and substantiated. A graphical interpretation of the asymmetries of the distribution of income and wealth of the population, corporate income and national income and wealth is given. The study showed that the key differences between the categories of «income» and «wealth» is that wealth can take both tangible and intangible expression, and income is only valuable. At the same time, wealth involves owning a large number of goods. By influencing the subject, income improves his material condition, and wealth arises from the assertion of tangible or intangible goods as such in the human mind.

scholarly journals Kavafis and Mises: Means and End

2021 ◽  
pp. 303-309
Author(s):  
Spyros Mallios
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
External World ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Human Reason ◽  
Physical Universe ◽  
External Objects ◽  
Objective Sense ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Given

Mises stated1 that in his theory of human action he starts from the axiom that an individual I1. Mises considers the terms End and Means abstract methodical tools which an individual may use to analyse human action. In other words, Mises does not consider something to be a Means or an End by itself (in an objective sense), but it is an individual who may consider it a Means or an End. A means is what serves to the attainment of any end, goal, or aim. Means are not in the given universe; in this universe there exist only things. A thing becomes a means when human reason plans to employ it for the attainment of some end and human action really employs it for this purpose. Thinking man sees the serviceableness of things, i.e., their ability to minister to his ends, and acting man makes them means. It is of primary im - portance to realize that parts of the external world become means only through the operation of the human mind and its offshoot, human action. External objects are as such only phenomena of the physical universe and the subject matter of the natural scien-ces. It is human meaning and action which transform them into means.2 Moreover, Mises considers the terms End and Means as achronical (out of time) methodical tools. Therefore, an individual I1 may consider an action of his an End and a Means at the «same time».

Psychoanalysis of Investor Irrationality and Dynamism in Stock Market

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
Jasman Tuyon ◽  
Zamri Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Asset Pricing ◽  
Stock Market ◽  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
System Model ◽  
Systematic Effects ◽  
Rationality Theory ◽  
Behavioural Risks

This article provides an alternative theoretical framework to explain investors’ irrational behaviours in finance theories (mainly asset pricing) based on psychoanalysis approach. This is an approach used by psychoanalysts and psychiatrists to investigate human minds. The investigation is facilitated by interdisciplinary theories, namely (a) bounded rationality theory which differentiates intuition and reasoning, (b) prospect theory which explains framing and valuation and (c) theory of mind which divides behavioural risks into cognitive heuristics and affective biases. These theories collectively explain the origin of irrational behaviours. Additionally, (d) the ABC (Activating–Beliefs–Consequences) model is also used to interpret the causes and effects of irrational behaviours on investors and market behaviour. Last theory, (e) the dual system model of preference is used to conceptualize the bounded human mind that contains both rational and irrational elements. The proposed theoretical framework provides the theoretical foundation of investors’ irrational origin, forces, causes as well as their systematic effects on investors, asset prices and stock market behaviours dynamism. The validity of the theoretical framework is supported by empirical test using a representative of emerging stock market data and behavioural risk proxies.

A new approach to semantics – Part II

1956 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
John G. Kemeny
Keyword(s):  
Essential Feature ◽  
Continuum Hypothesis ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Logical Basis ◽  
Recursive Functions ◽  
Meaning Postulates ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Primitive Recursive ◽  
The Given ◽  
The Continuum

I will give precise versions of the foregoing verbal definitions, by formalizing them within a formal metalanguage.In order to avoid the necessity of formulating a meta-language, I will make use of VI 112, (i.e., Gödel's The consistency of the continuum hypothesis). Actually, the system there developed is unnecessarily strong for the limited purpose of this illustration. It will suffice to choose for the system of VI 112 without axioms C4 and E (axioms of replacement and choice); this system will be the logical basis of , and to this I will add some set-constants and some meaning postulates. The logical basis is roughly as strong as Zermelo's system with an axiom of infinity.Within I will set up analogues of the previous definitions, applicable to a wide variety of object-languages. For the sake of concreteness it will be convenient to think of as having Zermelo set theory, without the axiom of infinity, as its logical basis – but it must be kept in mind that this is not an essential feature of the forthcoming definitions.Our is certainly strong enough to have all primitive recursive functions calculable within it. This supplies us with the needed tool for talking about , within , by introducing a number of primitive recursive functions, properties, and relations describing the structure of . The exact definitions of these will depend on the exact form of , but for the forthcoming definitions it will suffice to know that these functions, properties, and relations are representable in for the given . This makes the resulting definitions most useful, since they can be applied to any of the type described.

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