material condition
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2021 ◽  
pp. 73-110
Author(s):  
Jon D. Wisman

During the first 97 percent of the approximately 200,000-year history of Homo sapiens, when humans existed as hunter-gatherers and early agriculturalists, they lived with little political and economic inequality, due to the ready availability of stone weapons and ability of the weaker ones to form defensive coalitions blocking bullies’ attempts to amass political power. Their egalitarian incentive structure rewarded them for sharing food, child care, and practically everything else. The slow adoption of agriculture beginning about 10,000 years ago created the material condition on which a limited degree of social hierarchy could develop. About 9,000 years ago, chiefs arose by ideologically claiming special access to celestial powers to better assure the welfare of the community. They thereby gained greater access to material goods and mates. However, their legitimacy was fragile, readily upset by poor harvests or other catastrophes that delegitimated their ideology and returned their societies to economic and political equality.


2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 368-377
Author(s):  
Oktarian Wisnu Lusantono ◽  
Aldin Ardian ◽  
Istifari Husna Rekinagara

Geotechnical conditions as one of the conditions considered in the design and planning of tailings dams are strongly influenced by material conditions. The material condition is a parameter that will always be taken into account with stability. The material condition can be defined as a behavior that is based on the physical and mechanical properties of the material. By understanding the behavior of materials in a tailings dam construction, the risk of geotechnical failure can be controlled and minimized. This research was intended to study and investigate the behavior of material based on the geomechanical properties of the material used in a model. Generally, to determine the geomechanical properties of a material, several tests, both in-situ and laboratory tests, are required. Laboratory testing uses international standards such as ISRM (International Society of Rock Mechanics) and ASTM (American Standard Testing Materials). The research methodology used is descriptive quantitative research method. The studied parameter in this research is the geomechanical properties that influence the material on its conceptual design in terms of safety criteria (safety factor and probability of landslides) on the tailings dam embankment.


2021 ◽  
pp. 84-92
Author(s):  
Ana Sacara ◽  

Social assistance is an important link in the national social protection system, through which the state is committed to protecting and supporting people and families who are at risk or vulnerable. The nature of the vulnerability depends on poor material condition, physical and health status, family status (single-parent families, orphans), exposure to situations of violence, etc. To prevent and annihilate social risks, state institutions with social functions provide citizens in need with a range of social benefits to alleviate existing inequalities, normal integration into society and regain their autonomy. In this article, we will identify the problems of the social benefits system, which make the purpose and objectives of providing these monetary supports remain purely ideological, because they do not ensure a visible improvement in living conditions. In the author’s opinion, the state’s social policy must be aimed at combating in time the causes that lead to the risk of poverty, and not get involved post factum, when a large part of our citizens are in a situation of absolute poverty. In this context, it is found that all reforms, policies, and budgetary decisions, regardless of the field they regulate (education, agriculture, economy, construction), negatively or positively influence the well-being of the family, and must be directed towards the healthy development of families in the Republic of Moldova.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanislaus Aditya Agung ◽  
Dede Heri Yuli Yanto ◽  
Anja Meryandini ◽  
Titi Candra Sunarti

Abstract Streptomyces genera plays important role in lignocellulose degradation. Many research founds Streptomyces has cellulolytic and ligninolytic enzymes that sufficient to degrade lignocellulosic materials. However, minimum lignocellulosic material condition that can efficiently degraded by Streptomyces sp. has not been fully understood. In this research, three pretreament conditions (physical, alkaline-hydrotermal, and hydrogen-peroxide chemical treatments) of sugarcane bagasse used as lignocellulosic material, to further degraded by Streptomyces sp. S2. Lignocellulose component measurement conclude that raw (physical treated only) bagasse wasn’t efficiently degraded by Streptomyces sp S2. Hydrogen-peroxide was effective on reducing both syringil and guaiacyl lignin, meanwhile alkaline-hydrotermal pretreatment was very effective on reducing syringil lignin. This study suggest that hydrogen-peroxide pretreatment can be used in many type of lignocellulosic material, which can be further degraded by Streptomyces sp. S2. Alkaline-hydrotermal preteatment on the other hand is best suited to degrade lignocellulosic material that have high percentage of syringil lignin.


Cubic Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 80-99
Author(s):  
Markus Wernli

This report is about an explorative co-crafting course applying the notion of recursive publics to adult learning and pro-environmental activation, which aimed to engage a diverse cohort of learners towards patterns of eating, living, and engaging that promoted wellbeing and a healthy environment. This two-month-long, university-endorsed study in Hong Kong saw 22 participants fermenting their urine in which to grow an edible plant (Lactuca sativa), thereby creating a material relationship between their bodies and the environment. Technologies were employed to bring people physically together for greater emancipatory engagement inside the shared material condition. When analyzed, these technologies revealed their potential for opening or restricting the synergies from combined purpose, expertise, and immanent life processes in recursively profound and playful ways. This civic-tech study offers a recursive self-implication approach to design education as a collective negotiation process for navigating unknown territory to converge a myriad of expertise and intended beneficiaries.


Author(s):  
Елена Ивановна Селиверстова ◽  
Исюань Ван

Жилище является одним из важнейших элементов культуры, связанных с материальными потребностями и аксиологическими ценностями этноса. В предлагаемом исследовании, ориентированном на выявление идейного своеобразия паремий и ценностного восприятия жилого строения носителями русской и китайской культур, используется метод лингвокультурологического анализа. В центре внимания - компоненты пословицы-наименования жилых строений богача и бедняка и те представления, что проявляются в паремиях двух языков. Результаты проведенного анализа показывают, что наименования жилища, используемые в двух языках, широко представлены в паремиях, что говорит о его важности в жизни человека; они служат для указания на материальное состояние его владельца, для выражения отношения к жилищу и расстановки ценностных приоритетов носителей языка и культуры. С одной стороны, в русских и китайских паремиях выражается ряд общих лингвокультурологических установок: негативное отношение к богатому жилью, тесно связанное с идеей социального неравенства; предпочтительность собственного жилья качественному, но чужому и др. С другой стороны, в китайских паремиях более ценным представляется моральное состояние собственника, его образованность и перспективы, а в русских паремиях акцентируется важность здоровья, любви и согласия и т. д. Dwelling is one of the most important elements of culture associated with the material needs and axiological values of the ethnos. In the proposed study, focused on identifying the ideological specifics of the paremias and the value perception of the dwelling by representatives of Russian and Chinese cultures, the method of linguocultural analysis is used. The focus is on the components of the proverb-names of the rich and poor residential buildings and those ideas that are expressed by the proverbs of the two languages. The results of the analysis show that the names of the dwelling, used in two languages, are widely represented in paremias, which proves its importance in human life; they serve to indicate the material condition of its owner, to express the attitude towards the dwelling and to set the value priorities of native speakers of the proper language and culture. On the one hand, a number of common linguocultural attitudes are expressed in Russian and Chinese paremias: a negative attitude towards rich housing, closely related to the idea of social inequality; a positive assessment of one’s own poor housing, compared with high-quality, but somebody else’s, etc. On the other hand, in Chinese paremias, the moral state of the owner, his education and prospects are more valuable, while in Russian paremias the importance of health, love and harmony, etc. is emphasized.


Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (19) ◽  
pp. 5512
Author(s):  
Lihong Chang ◽  
Wei Qian ◽  
Hao Chang ◽  
Xiaohong Chang ◽  
Taoping Ye

In this research, a wave-drag modulus nondestructive testing method was proposed to predict the compressive bearing capacity of damaged wood components. Using an ancient Chinese building as a case study, internal and external inspections were performed to obtain defect data and related tree species information. Using the same tree species, wave-drag modulus and scale tests were carried out to predict the residual bearing capacity when there was damage in the form of internal cavities or edge material reduction and to compare the damage and loss experimental data. The results show that the internal defect combination model established by two nondestructive testing methods (stress wave and impedance meter) based on the weight distribution can accurately determine the internal damage condition of wood components. There was a significant correlation between wave-drag modulus and compressive strength along the wood grains. The measured values of wood components with different defects were consistent with the theoretical values predicted by the wave-drag modulus, which can effectively improve the prediction of residual bearing capacity. In addition, it was determined that edge material reduction is more destructive to a wood component than the presence of an interior cavity. Thus, the wave-drag modulus can quickly locate vulnerable sections and provide a relevant basis for judging the material condition of wood components in ancient buildings.


2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Marcoelis Pessoa de Carvalhos Moura ◽  
Maria da Glória Carvalho Moura

A aprendizagem se realiza quando o ser humano estabelece processos dialéticos de desconstrução, construção, reconstrução de valores e de sua identidade, no desafiador processo de produção de conhecimento em sua trajetória histórica de vida. Este texto objetiva refletir as teorias críticas da educação que estão implícitas nos princípios da Andragogia, teoria que estuda a aprendizagem das pessoas jovens e adultas, estabelecendo relações com estilos de aprendizagem e estratégias utilizadas na percepção e organização das informações. Utiliza o método (auto) biográfico para recolha dos dados, o estudo de caso para sua organização e a técnica de análise de discurso para interpretação das informações produzidas. Assim, acredita-se que a Andragogia pensa o ensino na perspectiva da aprendizagem do educando jovem e adulto, o que evidencia interesses teóricos que, embora em alguns momentos pareçam distintos, ambos defendem a realidade em que precisam se ancorar para o reconhecimento da aprendizagem como processo singular e complexo, imbricada a sua condição material de existência, que possibilita a emancipação do aprendiz, ou seja, a educação para a vida.Palavras-chave: Aprendizagem. Ensino-aprendizagem. Teorias CríticasReflections on teaching young and adult learners: dialogue among critical theories and andragogyABSTRACTLearning takes place when human beings establish dialectical processes of deconstruction, construction, and reconstruction of values and their identity, in the challenging process of producing knowledge in their life trajectory. This study aims to reflect on the critical theories of education that are implicit in the principles of Andragogy, a theory that studies the learning process of young people and adults, establishing relations with learning styles and strategies used in the perception and organization of information. It uses the (auto) biographical method for data collection, the case study for its organization and discourse analysis to interpret the information produced. Thus, it is believed that Andragogy considers teaching from the perspective of young and adult learners, which highlights theoretical interests that, although at times seem different, both defend the reality in which they need to rely on so as to recognize learning as a singular and complex process, interconnected to its material condition of existence, which allows for the emancipation of the learner, that is, education for life.Keywords: Learning. Teaching-learning. Critical TheoriesReflexiones sobre el aprendizaje personas jóvenes y adultos: diálogo entre las teorías críticas y la andragogíaRESUMENEl aprendizaje se da cuando el ser humano establece procesos dialécticos de desconstrucción, construcción y reconstrucción de valores y su identidad, en el desafiante proceso de producción de conocimiento en su trayectoria histórica de vida. Este texto tiene como objetivo reflejar las teorías críticas de la educación que están implícitas en los principios de la Andragogía, teoría que estudia el aprendizajede personas jóvenes y adultas, estableciendo relaciones con los estilos de aprendizaje y las estrategias utilizadas en la percepción y organización de las informaciones. Utiliza el método (auto) biográfico para la recolección de datos, el estudio de caso para su organización y la técnica del análisis del discurso para la interpretación de las informaciones producidas. Así, se cree que la Andragogía piensa en la enseñanza desde la perspectiva de aprendizaje del educando jovén y adulto, lo que pone de relieve intereses teóricos que aunque en ocasiones parecen diferentes, ambos defienden la realidad en la que necesitan anclarse para el reconocimiento del aprendizaje como proceso singular y complejo, imbricado a su condición material de existencia, que permite la emancipación del aprendiz, es decir, la educación para la vida.  Palabras clave: Aprendizaje. Enseñanza-aprendizaje. Teorías Críticas


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Piccininni ◽  
Attilio Lattanzi ◽  
Marco Rossi ◽  
Gianfranco Palumbo

The continuous research for progressively lighter components moves the attention on the massive adoption of Al alloys. The achievement of such an ambitious goal passes through the definition of innovative manufacturing methodologies able to overcome some of the most hindering limitation of Al alloys, i.e. their poor formability at room temperature. A viable approach is based on the modification of the blank properties through a local heat treatment (to achieve an optimized spatial distribution of ductility/strength), so that the subsequent forming operation can be carried out at room temperature. The implementation of such approach relies on finite element simulations, where the use of a proper constitutive material model plays a fundamental role. In the present work an innovative methodology, already proposed by the authors in a previous research, is again adopted to enrich the characterization of a strain-hardenable Al alloy (AA5754), initially purchased in a pre-strained condition (H32), and locally annealed by means of a laser treatment: in particular, Thanks to the adoption of the DIC, the investigation of the anisotropy showed a strict correlation between the value of the Lankford parameter and the material condition reached at the end of the local treatment. The experimental data were fitted by a sigmoidal function and implemented in a modified Hill plasticity model for the simulation of the tensile test of a locally treated dogbone specimen, showing a good accordance with the experimental results.


Author(s):  
Aurora MARTIN ◽  

A wide-ranging Renaissance-like figure, Dora d’Istria (the literary pseudonym of Princess Elena Ghica Koltzoff-Massalsky - 1828-1888) was one of the most refined intellectuals of the nineteenth century. Dedicating herself both to history and sociology, researcher of European stature, d’Istria addressed issues such as the relationship between Christian values and the progress of humanity, the national rebirth of Eastern European populations or the improvement of the moral and material condition of women. She was also a polyglot (at age ten she had already spoken nine foreign languages), writer, painter, translator, composer, music performer, and feminist. The breadth of her achievements made her biographer, Bartolomeo Cecchetti, write that Dora d’Istria “was truly a living encyclopedia.” Moreover, she had the vision of forming a European union, which she saw as a future union of states of neo-Latin tradition. The development of democracy, articulated on two founding pillars, freedom and equality, is one of the fundamental tenets of her thinking. Dora d’Istria surely takes an equal place beside the enlightened prince of the Moldavia, Dimitrie Cantemir.


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