scholarly journals Histomorphometric Study of Axillary Lymph Nodes in Different Age Groups

2019 ◽  
Vol 08 (04) ◽  
pp. 136-141
Author(s):  
Kafeel Hussain A. ◽  
Shaweez Fathima S. ◽  
V. Sathialakshmi
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Germinal Centers ◽  
Axillary Lymph Nodes ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Axillary Lymph ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Age Related

Abstract Background Although some age-related changes in lymph node histoarchitecture have been described, they are seldom taken into account in traditional depictions of lymph nodes. Recently introduced clinical procedures, such as intranodal vaccinations have demonstrated the need for an accurate knowledge of the degenerative processes of lymph nodes. It is thus deemed necessary to obtain a detailed insight into anatomical changes within the lymph node throughout life as age-related degeneration can have a strong impact on the outcome of these new therapeutic strategies. Aim To study the size and shape of the lymph nodes and to establish the age-dependent histoarchitectural changes in the lymph nodes in different age groups. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in a total of 35 axillary lymph nodes. The adult axillary group of lymph nodes were from subjects aged between 18 and 70 years. The fetal lymph nodes were collected from 8 stillborn fetuses between 37 and 42 weeks. Thickness of the cortex and diameter of the germinal centers were measured using ocular and stage micrometer. Results None of the fetal lymphocytic follicles showed evidence of a prominent germinal center. The germinal centers of young adults were not only more numerous but also larger in size when compared with the old. An age-related involution of the paracortical region was witnessed in the axillary lymph nodes. No evidence of lipomatous atrophy was encountered in any of the fetal lymph nodes. Interesting evidence of it was encountered in younger age groups. However, this was the most prominent feature in the older groups.

scholarly journals Dedicated Axillary MRI-Based Radiomics Analysis for the Prediction of Axillary Lymph Node Metastasis in Breast Cancer

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 757
Author(s):  
Sanaz Samiei ◽  
Renée W. Y. Granzier ◽  
Abdalla Ibrahim ◽  
Sergey Primakov ◽  
Marc B. I. Lobbes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Node Metastasis ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Axillary Lymph Node ◽  
Axillary Lymph Node Metastasis ◽  
Axillary Lymph Nodes ◽  
Axillary Lymph ◽  
Mr Images ◽  
Node Metastasis

Radiomics features may contribute to increased diagnostic performance of MRI in the prediction of axillary lymph node metastasis. The objective of the study was to predict preoperative axillary lymph node metastasis in breast cancer using clinical models and radiomics models based on T2-weighted (T2W) dedicated axillary MRI features with node-by-node analysis. From August 2012 until October 2014, all women who had undergone dedicated axillary 3.0T T2W MRI, followed by axillary surgery, were retrospectively identified, and available clinical data were collected. All axillary lymph nodes were manually delineated on the T2W MR images, and quantitative radiomics features were extracted from the delineated regions. Data were partitioned patient-wise to train 100 models using different splits for the training and validation cohorts to account for multiple lymph nodes per patient and class imbalance. Features were selected in the training cohorts using recursive feature elimination with repeated 5-fold cross-validation, followed by the development of random forest models. The performance of the models was assessed using the area under the curve (AUC). A total of 75 women (median age, 61 years; interquartile range, 51–68 years) with 511 axillary lymph nodes were included. On final pathology, 36 (7%) of the lymph nodes had metastasis. A total of 105 original radiomics features were extracted from the T2W MR images. Each cohort split resulted in a different number of lymph nodes in the training cohorts and a different set of selected features. Performance of the 100 clinical and radiomics models showed a wide range of AUC values between 0.41–0.74 and 0.48–0.89 in the training cohorts, respectively, and between 0.30–0.98 and 0.37–0.99 in the validation cohorts, respectively. With these results, it was not possible to obtain a final prediction model. Clinical characteristics and dedicated axillary MRI-based radiomics with node-by-node analysis did not contribute to the prediction of axillary lymph node metastasis in breast cancer based on data where variations in acquisition and reconstruction parameters were not addressed.

scholarly journals The Findings of SPECT/CT Concerning Bypass Lymph Circulation in Lymphedema Following Breast Cancer Surgery

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 471
Author(s):  
Min Young Lee ◽  
Eunjung Kong ◽  
Dong Gyu Lee
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Lymphatic Drainage ◽  
Cancer Surgery ◽  
Breast Cancer Surgery ◽  
Axillary Lymph Nodes ◽  
Axillary Lymph ◽  
Node Dissection ◽  
Positive Group

This study aimed to determine whether bypass circulation was present in lymphedema and its effect. This was a retrospective, cross-sectional study. Patients who underwent unilateral breast cancer surgery with axillary lymph node dissection were recruited and underwent single-photon emission tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT). SPECT/CT was performed to detect the three-dimensional locations of radio-activated lymph nodes. Patients with radioactivity in anatomical locations other than axillary lymph nodes were classified into a positive group. All patients received complete decongestive therapy (CDT). Exclusion criteria were as follows: History of bilateral breast cancer surgery, cervical lymph node dissection history, and upper extremity amputation. The difference in the upper extremity circumference (cm) was measured at four points: Mid-point of the upper arm, elbow, and 10 and 15 cm below the elbow. Twenty-nine patients were included in this study. Fifteen patients (51.7%) had bypass lymphatic systems on the affected side, six (20.7%) had a bypass lymphatic system with axillary lymph nodes on the unaffected side, and 11 (37.9%) showed new lymphatic drainage. The positive group showed significantly less swelling than the negative group at the mid-arm, elbow, and 15 cm below the elbow. Bypass lymphatic circulation had two patterns: Infraclavicular lymph nodes and supraclavicular and/or cervical lymph nodes. Changes in lymph drainage caused by surgery triggered the activation of the superficial lymphatic drainage system to relieve lymphedema. Superficial lymphatic drainage has a connection through the deltopectoral groove.

scholarly journals An AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY OF SLN MAPPING IN PATIENTS OF LOCALLY ADVANCED BREAST CANCER FOLLOWING NCT

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ankur Garg ◽  
Udbhav Kathpalia ◽  
Shweta Bansal ◽  
Manoj Andley ◽  
Sudipta Saha
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Sentinel Lymph Node ◽  
Adjuvant Chemotherapy ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Locally Advanced ◽  
Lymph Node Biopsy ◽  
Axillary Lymph Nodes ◽  
Axillary Lymph ◽  
Node Biopsy ◽  
Neo Adjuvant Chemotherapy

Background : Locally advanced breast carcinoma (LABC) includes a wide range of clinical scenarios- advanced primary tumors (T4), advanced nodal disease and inflammatory carcinomas(1). Traditionally, treatment of LABC included a combination of Chemotherapy, Radiation and Surgery(2). However, there has been a shift to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in recent times.(3) Histological status and the number of axillary lymph nodes with metastasis is one of the most important prognostic factors and most powerful predictor of recurrence and survival in patients of breast carcinoma and remains so, even after neo-adjuvant chemotherapy. (3) Information derived from the sentinel lymph node is considered valuable, with less discomfort to the patient when compared with axillary dissection.(4) However, its role in detecting nodal metastasis after neo-adjuvant chemotherapy in LABC is still debatable and definitive studies to evaluate its role are still evolving. (5) Materials and Methods: Patients of LABC were evaluated using ultrasonography (USG) of axilla. Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) was administered and patients were reassessed by USG of axilla. Thirty patients with node negative axillary status were subjected to Sentinel lymph node mapping using isosulfan blue followed by Modified Radical Mastectomy and Axillary Lymph Node Dissection. Histopathological evaluation of stained and unstained lymph nodes done and the data, thus obtained, was statistically analysed.   Results: Sentinel lymph node biopsy performed using Isosulfan Blue dye alone, after neo-adjuvant chemotherapy predicts the status of axillary lymph nodes with low accuracy.   Conclusions: Further studies would be required to establish the role of sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with LABC after NACT.

Simultaneous Immunohistochemical Detection of Tumor Cells in Lymph Nodes and Bone Marrow Aspirates in Breast Cancer and Its Correlation With Other Prognostic Factors

2001 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 960-971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernd Gerber ◽  
Annette Krause ◽  
Heiner Müller ◽  
Dagmar Richter ◽  
Toralf Reimer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Prognostic Factors ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Axillary Lymph Nodes ◽  
Axillary Lymph ◽  
Breast Cancer Patients

PURPOSE: We studied the prognostic and predictive value of immunohistochemically detected occult tumor cells (OTCs) in lymph nodes and bone marrow aspirates obtained from node-negative breast cancer patients. All were classified as distant metastases-free using conventional staging methods. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 484 patients with pT1-2N0M0 breast cancer and 70 with pT1-2N1M0 breast cancer and a single affected lymph node participated in our trial. Ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes and intraoperatively aspirated bone marrow were examined. All samples were examined for OTCs using monoclonal antibodies to cytokeratins 8, 18, 19. Immunohistological findings were correlated with other prognostic factors. The mean follow-up was 54 ± 24 months. RESULTS: OTCs were detected in 180 (37.2%) of 484 pT1-2N0M0 patients: in the bone marrow of 126 patients (26.0%), in the lymph nodes of 31 patients (6.4%), and in bone marrow and lymph nodes of 23 (4.8%) patients. Of the 70 patients with pT1-2N1MO breast cancer and a single involved lymph node, OTCs were identified in the bone marrow of 26 (37.1%). The ability to detect tumor cells increased with the following tumor features: larger size, poor differentiation, and higher proliferation. Tumors of patients with OTCs more frequently demonstrated lymph node invasion, blood vessel invasion, higher urokinase-type plasminogen activator levels, and increased PAI-1 concentrations. Patients with detected OTCs showed reduced disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OAS) rates that were comparable to those observed in patients who had one positive lymph node. Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors revealed that OTCs, histological grading, and tumor size are significant predictors of DFS; OTCs and grading of OAS. CONCLUSION: OTCs detected by simultaneous immunohistochemical analysis of axillary lymph nodes and bone marrow demonstrate independent metastatic pathways. Although OTCs were significantly more frequent in patients with other unfavorable prognostic factors, they were confirmed as an independent prognostic factor for pT1-2N0M0, R0 breast cancer patients.

scholarly journals The Pattern of Ocular Morbidity, Findings from a Study Conducted in Western Remote Hilly Region of Nepal

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Bastola
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Error ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Ocular Allergy ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dry Eyes ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Hilly Region ◽  
Ocular Morbidity

Background: There is a lack of study in the pattern of ocular morbidity in western hilly region of Nepal. Therefore a study was carried out to find out the pattern of ocular morbidity, in various age groups in a diagnostic, screening and treatment camp (DST) held in a western hilly remote region of Nepal. Methods: A descriptive, cross sectional study was done to find out the pattern of ocular morbidity in a western hilly region of Nepal. All the cases included in the study were examined thoroughly from Ophthalmological perspective and a diagnosis was made. Patients needing treatment both medical as well as surgical were advised accordingly and referred when indicated. Results: A total of 712 eyes of 356 cases were examined in this study. The range of the age varied from two months of life to 91 yrs of age. Age wise most number of cases were in the school going age group accounting for almost 80% of all the cases. The commonest ocular morbidity encountered were refractive error (15.4%), dry eyes, ocular allergy, followed by cataract. Majority of the cases had both dry eyes and ocular allergy. While 70 eyes of 35 patients had no ocular morbidity. Conclusion: The lower prevalence of age related cataract was due to the extensive cataract surgical coverage provided in the region by various organizations and because of lesser number of cases examined above the age of 40 years. Finding of just three cases of Xerophthalmia (X2B), pointed out towards the success of extensive Vitamin A supplement program run by the ministry of health. Keywords: Refractive error; dry eyes; ocular allergy; cataract DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njms.v1i1.5795   Nepal Journal of Medical Sciences. 2012; 1(1): 35-38

Breast Tumors: Immunoglobulins in Axillary Lymph Nodes

1986 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 575-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariano Urdiales-Viedma ◽  
Francisco Nogales-Fernandez ◽  
Sebastian Martos-Padilla ◽  
Emilio Sanchez-Cantalejo
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Breast Tumors ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Axillary Lymph Nodes ◽  
Axillary Lymph ◽  
Lymphoid Follicles ◽  
Node Metastases ◽  
High Histologic Grade

The immnuohistochemical determination of immunoglobulins IgA, IgG and IgM in axillary lymph nodes from 50 unselected breast ductal carcinomas disclosed that lymph nodes with IgG-positive lymphoid follicles and/or metastasized lymph nodes with IgM-positive lymphoid cells are statistically related to breast tumors with a high histologic grade and more than 3 lymph node metastases.

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