scholarly journals Noninvasive Self-monitoring of Blood Glucose at Your Fingertips, Literally!: Smartphone-Based Photoplethysmography

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (02) ◽  
pp. 048-052
Author(s):  
Thiago Mazzu-Nascimento ◽  
Ângela Merice de Oliveira Leal ◽  
Carlos Alberto Nogueira-de-Almeida ◽  
Lucimar Retto da Silva de Avó ◽  
Emanuel Carrilho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Biological Tissues ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
The Impact

AbstractDiabetes is a chronic disease and one of the major public health problems worldwide. It is a multifactorial disease, caused by genetic factors and lifestyle habits. Brazil had ∼ 16.8 million individuals living with diabetes in 2019 and is expected to reach 26 million people by 2045. There are global increasing needs for the development of noninvasive diagnostic methods and use of mobile health, mainly in face of the pandemic caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). For daily glycemic control, diabetic patients use a portable glucometer for glycemic self-monitoring and need to prick their fingertips three or more times a day, generating a huge discomfort throughout their lives. Our goal here is to present a review with very recent emerging studies in the field of noninvasive diagnosis and to emphasize that smartphone-based photoplethysmography (spPPG), powered by artificial intelligence, might be a trend to self-monitor blood glucose levels. In photoplethysmography, a light source travels through the tissue, interacts with the interstitium and with cells and molecules present in the blood. Reflection of light occurs as it passes through the biological tissues and a photodetector can capture these interactions. When using a smartphone, the built-in flashlight is a white light-emitting LED and the camera works as a photodetector. The higher the concentration of circulating glucose, the greater the absorbance and, consequently, the lesser the reflected light intensity will be. Due to these optical phenomena, the signal intensity captured will be inversely proportional to the blood glucose level. Furthermore, we highlight the microvascular changes in the progression of diabetes that can interfere in the signals captured by the photodetector using spPPG, due to the decrease of peripheral blood perfusion, which can be confused with high blood glucose levels. It is necessary to create strategies to filter or reduce the impact of these vascular changes in the blood glucose level analysis. Deep learning strategies can help the machine to solve these challenges, allowing an accurate blood glucose level and interstitial glucose prediction.

scholarly journals Yagya Therapy Treatment Reduced Blood Glucose Level in Diabetic Patients in 2 weeks - a Single Arm Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajit Singh Saini ◽  
Saurabh Pal ◽  
Vandana Shrivastav
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Control Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Therapy Treatment

Diabetes is a disease that occurs when blood glucose level is too high. To control blood glucose levels in diabetic patients, modern therapies with a healthy diet and regular physical activity has been a good approach for the management of the diabetes. However, the disease eventually becomes deepen in most of the patients with age, and current approaches are not sufficient, demanding supportive and alternative approaches. The present paper portrays a contextual analysis of the impact of Yagya Therapy on diabetic level (HbA1C) in 2 weeks, using an appropriate herbal formulation on 10 patients, who had been experiencing diabetes since recent years. 10 diabetic patients (5 males and 5 females) on allopathic medicine for past more than 1 year without any change in medication and dose in past 3 months participated in the study. They were given 13 days of Yagya Therapy twice a day and their pre and post blood level of fasting glucose, Post Prandial (PP) glucose, and HbA1C were measured. Among 10 patients only 6 had attended nearly all of the sessions. Among 6 Patient, all of them showed reduction in the HbA1c value. The four of the patients, it was remarkable HbA1c difference i.e. 0.4, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2 respectively indicating impressive results i.e. affecting 3 months glucose sugar average and producing reduction in them with just 26 sessions in 13 days. The present study indicated Yagya therapy as a potential supportive and alternative solution in the management of diabetes. The increase in the time duration of the Yagya Therapy for more than 3-6 months may give the desired results for managing the diabetes.

scholarly journals Verification of the Impact of Blood Glucose Level on Liver Carcinogenesis and the Efficacy of a Dietary Intervention in a Spontaneous Metabolic Syndrome Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (23) ◽  
pp. 12844
Author(s):  
Mayuko Ichimura-Shimizu ◽  
Takeshi Kageyama ◽  
Takeshi Oya ◽  
Hirohisa Ogawa ◽  
Minoru Matsumoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Liver Tumors ◽  
Liver Carcinogenesis ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Urinary Glucose ◽  
The Impact

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus, vascular inflammation, atherosclerosis, and renal, liver, and heart diseases. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a progressive representative liver disease and may lead to the irreversible calamities of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Metabolic disorders such as hyperglycemia have been broadly reported to be related to hepatocarcinogenesis in NASH; however, direct evidence of a link between hyperglycemia and carcinogenesis is still lacking. Tsumura Suzuki Obese Diabetic (TSOD) mice spontaneously develop metabolic syndrome, including obesity, insulin resistance, and NASH-like liver phenotype, and eventually develop hepatocellular carcinomas. TSOD mice provide a spontaneous human MS-like model, even with significant individual variations. In this study, we monitored mice in terms of their changes in blood glucose levels, body weights, and pancreatic and liver lesions over time. As a result, liver carcinogenesis was delayed in non-hyperglycemic TSOD mice compared to hyperglycemic mice. Moreover, at the termination point of 40 weeks, liver tumors appeared in 18 of 24 (75%) hyperglycemic TSOD mice; in contrast, they only appeared in 5 of 24 (20.8%) non-hyperglycemic mice. Next, we investigated three kinds of oligosaccharide that could lower blood glucose levels in hyperglycemic TSOD mice. We monitored the levels of blood and urinary glucose and assessed pancreatic lesions among the experimental groups. As expected, significantly lower levels of blood and urinary glucose and smaller deletions of Langerhans cells were found in TSOD mice fed with milk-derived oligosaccharides (galactooligosaccharides and lactosucrose). At the age of 24 weeks, mild steatohepatitis was found in the liver but there was no evidence of liver carcinogenesis. Steatosis in the liver was alleviated in the milk-derived oligosaccharide-administered group. Taken together, suppressing the increase in blood glucose level from a young age prevented susceptible individuals from diabetes and the onset of NAFLD/NASH, as well as carcinogenesis. Milk-derived oligosaccharides showed a lowering effect on blood glucose levels, which may be expected to prevent liver carcinogenesis.

scholarly journals Association between blood glucose levels and Glasgow Outcome Score in patients with traumatic brain injury: secondary analysis of a randomized trial

Trials ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Yuan ◽  
Hongyu He ◽  
Yuepeng Liu ◽  
Jianwei Wang ◽  
Xin Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Threshold Effect ◽  
Glasgow Outcome Score ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Average Blood Glucose

Abstract Background Blood glucose levels that are too high or too low after traumatic brain injury (TBI) negatively affect patient prognosis. This study aimed to demonstrate the relationship between blood glucose levels and the Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS) in TBI patients. Methods This study was based on a randomized, dual-center, open-label clinical trial. A total of 208 patients who participated in the randomized controlled trial were followed up for 5 years. Information on the disease, laboratory examination, insulin therapy, and surgery for patients with TBI was collected as candidate variables according to clinical importance. Additionally, data on 5-year and 6-month GOS were collected as primary and secondary outcomes, respectively. For multivariate analysis, a generalized additive model (GAM) was used to investigate relationships between blood glucose levels and GOS. The results are presented as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). We further applied a two- piecewise linear regression model to examine the threshold effect of blood glucose level and GOS. Results A total of 182 patients were included in the final analysis. Multivariate GAM analysis revealed that a bell-shaped relationship existed between average blood glucose level and 5-year GOS score or 6-month GOS score. The inflection points of the average blood glucose level were 8.81 (95% CI: 7.43–9.48) mmol/L considering 5-year GOS as the outcome and were 8.88 (95% CI 7.43−9.74) mmol/L considering 6-month GOS score as the outcome. The same analysis revealed that there was also a bell relationship between average blood glucose levels and the favorable outcome group (GOS score ≥ 4) at 5 years or 6 months. Conclusion In a population of patients with traumatic brain injury, blood glucose levels were associated with the GOS. There was also a threshold effect between blood glucose levels and the GOS. A blood glucose level that is either too high or too low conveys a poor prognosis. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02161055. Registered on 11 June 2014.

scholarly journals EFFECTIVENESS OF AMLA JUICE IN REDUCING BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL AMONG PATIENTS WITH TYPE II DIABETES IN A SELECTED AREA OF KANYAKUMARI DISTRICT

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mrs. Vanitha. S s ◽  
Dr. Pramjit kaur
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Type Ii Diabetes ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Experimental Group

Challenges in lifestyle, such as increasesin energy intake and decreasesin physical activity are causing overweight and obesity leading to epidemic increases in type II Diabetes Mellitus. The research approach used for this study was evaluative approach and the research design was true experimental design. 60 patients with type II diabetes, 30 in experimental group and 30 in control group were selected for this study by using purposive sampling technique. Data was collected with the help of self-structured interview schedule. Descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (chi-square, paired ‘t’ test) were used to analyse the data and to test the hypotheses. In the experimental group,the pre-test mean score was 2.966, mean percentage was 59% and standard deviation was 1.129 and in post-testmean score was 2.533, mean percentage was 50.66% and standard deviation was 1.074 with effectiveness of 8.34% and paired‘t’ test value of t=3.971,which was statistically significant (p<0.05) which is an evidence ofthe effectiveness of Amla juice in reducing blood glucose level. Comparison of blood glucose levels in experimental and control groups, shows that the value is statistically highly significant, as was observed from the unpaired ‘t’ test value of 13.39 with P value of <0.05, which is an evidence indicatingthe effect of Amla juice in reducing postprandial blood glucose levels. The resultsfound that the administration of Amla juice did have aneffect in reducing blood glucose level in the experimental group. By comparing the findings of pre-test and post test between the experimental group and the control group,the effect was identified (assessed). The study concluded that the Amlajuice is effective in reducing blood glucose level.

scholarly journals Comparison of Functional Regression and Functional Principal Component Regression for Estimating Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Level

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-25
Author(s):  
Nurul Fadhilah ◽  
Erfiani Erfiani ◽  
Indahwati Indahwati
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Principal Component Regression ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Functional Regression ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Functional Principal Component

The calibration method is an alternative method that can be used to analyze the relationship between invasive and non-invasive blood glucose levels. Calibration modeling generally has a large dimension and contains multicolinearities because usually in functional data the number of independent variables (p) is greater than the number of observations (p>n). Both problems can be overcome using Functional Regression (FR) and Functional Principal Component Regression (FPCR). FPCR is based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA). In FPCR, the data is transformed using a polynomial basis before data reduction. This research tried to model the equations of spectral calibration of voltage value excreted by non-invasive blood glucose level monitoring devices to predict blood glucose using FR and FPCR. This study aimed to determine the best calibration model for measuring non-invasive blood glucose levels with the FR and FPCR. The results of this research showed that the FR model had a bigger coefficient determination (R2) value and lower Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Root Mean Square Error Prediction (RMSEP) value than the FPCR model, which was 12.9%, 5.417, and 5.727 respectively. Overall, the calibration modeling with the FR model is the best model for estimate blood glucose level compared to the FPCR model.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF AEROBIC EXERCISES AND RESISTANCE TRAINING ON GLUCOSE LEVELS IN TYPE 2 DIABETIC SUBJECTS.

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 360
Author(s):  
Aishwarya Pramod Benkar ◽  
Smita Bhimrao Kanase
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Significant Difference

Objective: Diabetes mellitus is a leading cause of death and disability in the world and its prevalence is predicted to rise to 10% by 2030. Hence, this study is conducted with objectives to find out the effect of aerobic exercises and resisted exercises on blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) subjects and to compare the effect of both exercises on blood glucose level.Method: The comparative study was conducted at Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University, Physiotherapy department, Karad. 30 participants with age group between 30 and 65 years were taken. Subjects were selected as per inclusion and exclusion criteria. Group A (15) participants were given aerobic exercise on static bicycle, and Group B (15) participants were given resistance training using dumbbells and weight cuffs for 5 days/week for 4 weeks. Diet recommendations were given to every participant.Results: Statistical analysis was performed using paired and unpaired t-test. Analysis showed statistically extremely significant difference in fasting blood glucose level and postprandial blood glucose level in both the groups (p≤0.0001).Conclusion: Thus, this study concludes that both aerobic exercises and resistance training prove to be beneficial in controlling blood glucose levels in T2DM subjects.

BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL IN MICE.

1966 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claus Rerup ◽  
Ingmar Lundquist
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Enzymatic Reaction ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Sugar Response

ABSTRACT Multiple serial blood glucose level determinations in individual mice were performed on small blood samples (10–25 μl) using the orbital bleeding technique. Glucose was determined specifically by a known enzymatic reaction. Blood glucose determined in this way was found a parameter of high reproducibility and precision, the latter being shown by the finding that differences between individual animals were highly significant in practically all the experiments. The standard deviation of the single measurement in normal mice was ± 8.2 mg/100 ml as determined from 600 samples, which indicated that the technique allows of the detection of blood sugar level changes of about 15 mg/100 ml or more with very high significance, in a group of 5 mice. In the sampling procedure as such, intravenous or subcutaneous saline injections did not necessarily have any effect on the blood glucose level, but interpretation of slight blood sugar changes under experimental conditions should always be based on a comparison with control groups, since the latter may sometimes show a slight but significant change. In normal non-fasting mice (NMRI strain) significant differences in homoeostatic blood glucose level adjustments were demonstrated. In acutely adrenalectomized mice blood glucose levels were lower and more variable than in normals. Alloxan injection (70 mg/kg) was followed in individual mice by a triphasic blood sugar response, as is known from other species.

scholarly journals Gambaran kadar glukosa darah puasa pada pekerja kantor

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis E. Ugahari ◽  
Yanti M. Mewo ◽  
Stefana H.M. Kaligis
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Sedentary Lifestyle ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Office Workers ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

Abstract: Blood glucose must be maintained in a constant concentration. Hyperglycemia, an increase of blood glucose level, can be a symptom of diabetes mellitus. One of the factors that affect the blood glucose level is physical activity. Low physical activity can be influenced by work. Sedentary lifestyle is identic with office workes. Office workers do not enough time to do physical activity. This study was aimed to describe the fasting blood glucose level among office workers. This was a descriptive study with a cross sectional design. Respondents were obtained by using total sampling method. There were 52 respondents in this study consisted of 25 males and 27 females. The results showed that 45 respondents (86.54%) had normal fasting blood glucose levels, 5 respondents (9.62%) had high fasting blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia), and 2 respondents (3.84%) had low fasting blood glucose levels (hypoglycemia). The maximum value was 243 mg/dL, the minimum value was 63 mg/dL, the median value was 83 mg/dL, the average value was 94.42 mg/dL, and standard of deviation was 37.85 mg/dL. Conclusion: Most office workers had normal blood glucose levels.Keywords: fasting blood glucose, office workers Abstrak: Glukosa darah dalam tubuh manusia harus dijaga dalam konsentrasi yang konstan. Kadar glukosa darah dalam tubuh yang meningkat (hiperglikemia) dapat menjadi gejala penyakit diabetes mellitus. Salah satu faktor yang memengaruhi kadar glukosa darah ialah aktivitas fisik. Aktivitas fisik yang kurang dapat dipengaruhi oleh pekerjaan. Pola hidup sedentary lifestyle identik dengan pekerja kantor dewasa ini. Pekerja kantor tidak memiliki waktu untuk terlibat dalam aktivitas fisik yang cukup. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran kadar glukosa darah puasa pada pekerja kantor. Jenis penelitian ialah deskriptif dengan desain potong lintang. Pemilihan responden dilakukan dengan metode total sampling. Responden terdiri dari 25 orang laki-laki s dan 27 orang perempuan. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan 45 responden (86,54%) memiliki kadar glukosa darah puasa normal, 5 responden (9,62%) memilki kadar glukosa darah puasa tinggi (hiperglikemia), dan 2 responden (3,84%) memilki kadar glukosa puasa rendah (hipoglikemia). Hasil pengukuran kadar glukosa darah puasa mendapatkan nilai maksimum 243 mg/dL, nilai minimum 63 mg/dL, nilai median 83 mg/dL, nilai rata-rata 94,42 mg/dL dan standar devisiasi 37,85 mg/dL. Simpulan: Sebagian besar pekerja kantor masih memiliki kadar glukosa darah puasa yang normal. Kata kunci: glukosa darah puasa, pekerja kantor

scholarly journals Prognostic Significance of Blood Glucose Levels and Alterations Among Patients with Aluminium Phosphide Poisoning

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arvind Sharma ◽  
Prasanth Balasubramanian ◽  
Kiran D. Gill ◽  
Ashish Bhalla
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Prognostic Significance ◽  
Aluminum Phosphide ◽  
Arterial Blood Gas ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Aluminium Phosphide ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the prognostic significance of blood glucose levels and blood glucose alterations (i.e. hyper- or hypoglycaemia) among patients with aluminium phosphide (AlP) poisoning. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted at the Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India, between January 2010 and June 2011. All patients presenting to the emergency department with a definitive history of AlP ingestion or symptoms compatible with AlP poisoning were included in the study. Blood glucose levels were recorded at presentation and every six hours thereafter. Alterations in blood glucose levels and other clinical and laboratory variables were subsequently compared between survivors and non-survivors. Results: A total of 116 patients with AlP poisoning were identified. Of these, 57 patients (49%) survived and 59 patients (51%) died. At presentation, the mean blood glucose levels of survivors and non-survivors were 119.9 ± 35.7 mg/dL and 159.7 ± 92.5 mg/dL, respectively (P <0.001). In comparison to the survivors, non-survivors had significantly higher heart rates, total leukocyte counts, blood glucose level alterations and serum creatinine levels (P <0.050). In addition, systolic blood pressure, Glasgow coma scale scores, arterial blood gas pH and bicarbonate values and duration of hospital stay was significantly lower compared to survivors (P <0.001). However, neither blood glucose levels at admission nor blood glucose alterations correlated independently with mortality in a multivariate analysis. Conclusion: The role of blood glucose level alterations in predicting patient outcomes in AlP poisoning cases remains inconclusive. Further studies with larger sample sizes are required.Keywords: Aluminum Phosphide; Poisoning; Blood Glucose; Hyperglycemia; Hypoglycemia; Mortality; Prognostic Factors; India.

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