Vertebroplasty, Kyphoplasty, and Implant-Based Mechanical Vertebral Augmentation

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (06) ◽  
pp. 785-794
Author(s):  
Brandon M. Key ◽  
John Symanski ◽  
Matthew J. Scheidt ◽  
Sean M. Tutton
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Multidisciplinary Treatment ◽  
Fragility Fractures ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Vertebral Compression Fractures ◽  
Imaging Features ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Pathologic Fractures

AbstractVertebral compression fractures are a global public health issue with a quantifiable negative impact on patient morbidity and mortality. The contemporary approach to the treatment of osteoporotic fragility fractures has moved beyond first-line nonsurgical management. An improved understanding of biomechanical forces, consequential morbidity and mortality, and the drive to reduce opioid use has resulted in multidisciplinary treatment algorithms and significant advances in augmentation techniques. This review will inform musculoskeletal radiologists, interventionalists, and minimally invasive spine surgeons on the proper work-up of patients, imaging features differentiating benign and malignant pathologic fractures, high-risk fracture morphologies, and new mechanical augmentation device options, and it describes the appropriate selection of devices, complications, outcomes, and future trends.

scholarly journals The global public health issue of pharmaceutical waste: what role for pharmacists?

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith A. Singleton ◽  
Lisa M. Nissen ◽  
Nick Barter ◽  
Malcolm McIntosh
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Packaging Waste ◽  
Pharmaceutical Waste ◽  
Environmentally Responsible ◽  
Significant Negative Impact ◽  
Contaminated Waste

Purpose – Pharmaceuticals have played an important role in improving the quality of life of the human population in modern times. However, it must also be acknowledged that both the production and use of pharmaceuticals have a significant, negative impact on the environment and consequently, a negative impact on the health of humans and wildlife. This negative impact is due to the embedded carbon in pharmaceuticals' manufacture and distribution and the waste generated in their manufacture, consumption and disposal. Pharmaceutical waste is comprised of contaminated waste (unwanted pharmaceuticals and their original containers) and non-contaminated waste (non-hazardous packaging waste). The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – The article is a literature review. Findings – The article identified a gap in the literature around pharmacist attitudes and behaviour toward the environmentally responsible handling of pharmaceutical waste. Originality/value – Pharmacists, with their professional commitment to the quality use of medicines and their active participation in the medicines management pathway, already play an important role in the more sustainable use of pharmaceuticals. Even so, they have the potential to play an even greater role with the environmentally responsible disposal of pharmaceutical waste (including packaging waste) and the education of other health professionals and the general public on this topic.

scholarly journals ESBLs: A Clear and Present Danger?

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rishi H.-P. Dhillon ◽  
John Clark
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Health Issue ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Clear And Present Danger

Extended spectrumβ-lactamases (ESBLs) are enzymes produced by a variety of Gram negative bacteria which confer an increased resistance to commonly used antibiotics. They are a worrying global public health issue as infections caused by such enzyme-producing organisms are associated with a higher morbidity and mortality and greater fiscal burden. Coupled with increasing prevalence rates worldwide and an ever diminishing supply in the antibiotic armamentarium, these enzymes represent a clear and present danger to public health. This article aims to give an overview of the current situation regarding ESBLs, with a focus on the epidemiology and management of such infections.

The Negative Impact of Maternal Perinatal Opioid Use on Neonatal Outcomes

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kriti D. Gandhi ◽  
Kathryn M. Schak ◽  
Jennifer L. Vande Voort ◽  
Julia Shekunov ◽  
Brian A. Lynch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Neonatal Outcomes ◽  
Opioid Use

scholarly journals What do we know about the impact of sexual violence on health and health behaviour of women in Estonia?

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hedda Lippus ◽  
Made Laanpere ◽  
Kai Part ◽  
Inge Ringmets ◽  
Helle Karro
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Sexual Relationships ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sexual Behaviours ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Sexual violence against women is a major public health issue and a breach of human rights. Although various consequences of sexual violence on health have been described in a large number of scientific publications, very little is known about this topic in Estonia. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of sexual violence and associations between exposure to sexual violence and risky health and sexual behaviours among women in Estonia. Methods A population-based cross-sectional study was carried out in Estonia in 2014. Self-reported data regarding selected indicators of risky health and sexual behaviours were collected from 1670 women, aged 18–44 years, via a self-administered questionnaire. To measure the prevalence of sexual violence, questions from the NorVold Abuse Questionnaire were included. Chi-square and multivariate logistic regression were used to analyse the data. Results Of the respondents, 22.7% (n = 379) reported being exposed to sexual violence during their lifetime, and over half of these women had had these experiences before the age of 18. Statistically significant associations were found between sexual violence and smoking (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.32, 95% CI 1.03–1.70), alcohol consumption (AOR 1.52, 95% CI 1.18–1.95), illicit drug use (AOR 2.21, 95% CI 1.70–2.89), sexual intercourse for money or other material reward (AOR 3.51, 95% CI 1.62–7.61), concurrent sexual relationships (AOR 2.64; 95% CI 1.80–3.86), and being diagnosed with sexually transmitted infections (AOR 1.48, 95% CI 1.09–2.01). Conclusions In Estonia, sexual violence against women is widespread and is associated with several risky health and sexual behaviours. Efforts should be made, both among the general public and professionals, to raise awareness regarding the prevalence and negative impact of sexual violence. Women who have been exposed to sexual violence are in need of professional medical, legal and psychological help free from prejudice to help them recover from such traumatic events.

scholarly journals Management of chronic kidney disease- an update

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-52
Author(s):  
Faruk Ahammad
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Kidney Structure ◽  
Disease Epidemiology ◽  
Urine Albumin ◽  
Referral Criteria ◽  
Previous Definition ◽  
One Year

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global public health issue demanding continuous improvement in its management. Different international groups and organizations have now achieved a good progress in its definition, classification (staging), treatment and referral criteria to nephrologists. In definition of CKD, "CKD is defined as abnormalities of kidney structure or function, present for at least three months with implications for health", the phrase "with implications for health" has been added at the end of the previous definition, which reflects the concept that there may be certain abnormalities of kidney structure or function that do not have prognostic consequences (for example, a simple renal cyst). At staging of CKD, grade 3 has been subdivided into G3a and G3b, according to whether the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is (59 - 45) or (44 - 30) ml/min/1.73m2, respectively. Furthermore, albuminuria has been classified in any GFR grade, in to A1, A2 or A3 according to the albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) in an isolated urine sample for values <3, 3-30 or >30mg/mmol, respectively. The term "microalbuminuria" has now been replaced by the term "moderately increased albuminuria". For GFR measurement Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD- EPI) equation has been preferred than the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study equation and new 2012 KDIGO guidelines consider the use of alternative formulas to be acceptable if they have been shown to improve accuracy when compared with the CKD-EPI formula. For detection of albuminuria ACR is preferred rather than conventional 24 hours urine albumin. The recommended BP control target is ?140/90mmHg (both diabetic and non-diabetic) if ACR <3mg/mmol and a stricter target is suggested, with BP ?130/80mmHg, (both in diabetic and non-diabetic) if the ACR is ? 3mg/mmol. Use of erythropoisis-stimulating agent (ESA) in anemia of CKD should be rational; to avoid its adverse effects like stroke, thrombosis or hypertension acceleration and hemoglobin goals should not exceed 11 g per dl. Treating dyslipidaemia in CKD with statins for all adults >50 years of age, irrespective of low density lipoprotien (LDL) cholesterol levels is recommended. Referral to nephrologist should be rational according to guidelines and at least one year prior to the start of renal replacement therapy (RRT).Faridpur Med. Coll. J. 2014;9(1): 46-52

scholarly journals Modified U-Tube for Ruling out Naked DNA Transfer during Conjugation and Application in Antibiotic Resistance Genes Transfer Research

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1313
Author(s):  
Ning Zhang ◽  
Xiang Liu ◽  
Bing Li ◽  
Limei Han ◽  
Xuejiao Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Conjugative Transfer ◽  
Donor Strain ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Pseudomonas Putida Kt2440 ◽  
Naked Dna

Antibiotic resistance is currently a major global public health issue. In particular, the emergence and transfer of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is a matter of primary concern. This study presented a method for ruling out the transfer of naked DNA (plasmid RP4 lysed from donor cells) during the cell-to-cell conjugation, using a modified “U-tube”. A series of gene transfer assays was conducted in both flask and modified U-tube, using Pseudomonas putida KT2440 (P. putida (RP4)) harboring the RP4 plasmid as the donor strain, Escherichia coli (E. coli, ATCC 25922) in pure culture as sole recipient, and bacteria from reclaimed water microcosms as multi-recipients. The verification experiments showed that the U-tube device could prevent direct contact of bacteria without affecting the exchange of free plasmid. In the experiments involving a sole recipient, the transconjugants were obtained in flask samples, but not in modified U-tube. Furthermore, in experiments involving multi-recipients, transfer of naked DNA in the modified U-tube accounted for 5.18% in the transfer frequency of the flask transfer experiment. The modified U-tube proved to be useful for monitoring the interference of naked DNA in the research of conjugative transfer and calculating the exact conjugative transfer rate. This device is identified as a promising candidate for distinguishing different gene transfers in practical application because of its convenient use and easy and simple manufacture.

scholarly journals Demystifying the Opioid Trade in Anonymous Markets and Forums (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengyi Li ◽  
Xiangyu Du ◽  
Xiaojing Liao ◽  
Xiaoqian Jiang ◽  
Tiffany Champagne-Langabeer
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Opioid Use Disorder ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Longitudinal Measurement ◽  
Online Marketplaces ◽  
Trading Activities

BACKGROUND Opioid use disorder presents a public health issue afflicting millions across the globe. There is a pressing need to understand the opioid supply chain to gain new insights into the mitigation of opioid use and effectively combat the opioid crisis. The role of anonymous online marketplaces and forums that resemble eBay or Amazon, where anyone can post, browse, and purchase opioid commodities, has become more and more important in opioid trading. Therefore, a greater understanding of anonymous markets and forums may enable public health officials and other stakeholders to comprehend the scope of the crisis. OBJECTIVE The objective of this work is to profile the opioid supply chain in anonymous markets and forums via a large-scale, longitudinal measurement study on anonymous market listings and posts. Toward this, we propose a series of techniques to collect data, to identify opioid jargon terms used in the anonymous marketplaces and forums, and to profile the opioid commodities, suppliers, and transactions. METHODS We first conducted a whole-site crawl of anonymous online marketplaces and forums to solicit data. Then, we developed a suite of opioid domain-specific text mining techniques (e.g., opioid jargon detection, opioid trading information retrieval) to recognize information relevant to opioid trading activities (e.g., commodities, price, shipping information, suppliers, etc.). After that, we conducted a comprehensive, large-scale, longitudinal study to demystify opioid trading activities in anonymous markets and forums. RESULTS A total of 248,359 listings from 10 anonymous online marketplaces and 1,138,961 traces (i.e., threads of posts) from 6 underground forums were collected. Among them, we identified 28,106 opioid product listings and 13,508 opioid-related promotional and review forum traces from 5147 unique opioid suppliers’ IDs and 2778 unique opioid buyers’ IDs. Our study characterized opioid suppliers (e.g., activeness and cross-market activities), commodities (e.g., popular items and their evolution), and transactions (e.g., origins and shipping destination) in anonymous marketplaces and forums, which enabled a greater understanding of the underground trading activities involved in international opioid supply and demand. CONCLUSIONS The results provide insight into opioid trading in the anonymous markets and forums, and may prove an effective mitigation data point for illuminating the opioid supply chain.

scholarly journals Vaccinating Adolescents and Children Significantly Reduces COVID-19 Morbidity and Mortality across All Ages: A Popula-Tion-Based Modeling Study Using the UK as an Example

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1180
Author(s):  
Tinevimbo Shiri ◽  
Marc Evans ◽  
Carla A. Talarico ◽  
Angharad R. Morgan ◽  
Maaz Mussad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Transmission Model ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

Debate persists around the risk–benefit balance of vaccinating adolescents and children against COVID-19. Central to this debate is quantifying the contribution of adolescents and children to the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, and the potential impact of vaccinating these age groups. In this study, we present a novel SEIR mathematical disease transmission model that quantifies the impact of different vaccination strategies on population-level SARS-CoV-2 infections and clinical outcomes. The model employs both age- and time-dependent social mixing patterns to capture the impact of changes in restrictions. The model was used to assess the impact of vaccinating adolescents and children on the natural history of the COVID-19 pandemic across all age groups, using the UK as an example. The base case model demonstrates significant increases in COVID-19 disease burden in the UK following a relaxation of restrictions, if vaccines are limited to those ≥18 years and vulnerable adolescents (≥12 years). Including adolescents and children in the vaccination program could reduce overall COVID-related mortality by 57%, and reduce cases of long COVID by 75%. This study demonstrates that vaccinating adolescents and children has the potential to play a vital role in reducing SARS-CoV-2 infections, and subsequent COVID-19 morbidity and mortality, across all ages. Our results have major global public health implications and provide valuable information to inform a potential pandemic exit strategy.

scholarly journals A comparative study to assess the knowledge and beliefs regarding AIDS among higher secondary students in rural schools of South Kerala and South Tamil Nadu

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose P. Cyril ◽  
Baburaj Stephenson ◽  
Joy John ◽  
Anju Mirin Alex ◽  
Sony S. Paul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Students ◽  
Rural Schools ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Knowledge And Beliefs ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Self Administered Questionnaire

Background: HIV continues to be a major global public health issue, having claimed 36.3 million lives so far.  India has the third largest HIV epidemic in the world, with 2.1 million people living with HIV. Epidemiological data on AIDS suggests that in many cases, HIV infection was acquired during adolescence and lack of knowledge is one of the most important reasons.  Hence, an ardent need was felt to assess the knowledge and beliefs of adolescents regarding AIDS. The main objective of this study was to assess the knowledge and beliefs regarding AIDS among higher secondary students of rural schools in South Kerala and in South Tamil Nadu.   Methods: After getting ethical committee clearance, the study was conducted among higher secondary students of twelfth standard using a predesigned and validated self-administered questionnaire. An educational intervention regarding AIDS lasting for 30 min was given after the test. Data analysis was done using appropriate software.Results: The mean knowledge scores of students from Kerala (11.57) and Tamil Nadu (11.51) were almost same. Television, newspaper and teachers were the main source of information about AIDS. Beliefs like Whiteman’s disease can spread through mosquito bite, sharing vessels and giving shake hands/touching were highly prevalent in the study subjects.Conclusions: Proper emphasis should be given to teachers on mentoring adolescents and imparting them with the needed knowledge on HIV/AIDS to enable them to overcome this period of stress and storm.

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