Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis of Hydrocephalus in Adults

Purpose Hydrocephalus is caused by an imbalance of production and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or obstruction of its pathways, resulting in ventricular dilatation and increased intracranial pressure. Imaging plays a crucial role in the diagnosis, differential diagnosis and planning of treatment. Methods This review article presents the different types of hydrocephalus und their typical imaging appearance, describes imaging techniques, and discusses differential diagnoses of the different forms of hydrocephalus. Results and Conclusion Imaging plays a central role in the diagnosis of hydrocephalus. While magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is the first-line imaging modality, computed tomography (CT) is often the first-line imaging test in emergency patients. Key points Citation Format

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Diagnostic performance of computed tomography and diffusion-weighted imaging as first-line imaging modality according to the International Myeloma Working Group (IMWG) imaging algorithm for monoclonal plasma cell disorders

Acta Radiologica ◽

10.1177/02841851211008383 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 028418512110083

Author(s):

Min A Yoon ◽

Choong Guen Chee ◽

Hye Won Chung ◽

Dong Hyun Lee ◽

Kyung Won Kim

Keyword(s):

Plasma Cell ◽

Diffusion Weighted Imaging ◽

Diagnostic Performance ◽

Imaging Modality ◽

Reference Standard ◽

First Line ◽

Plasma Cell Disorders ◽

Misclassification Rates ◽

Line Imaging ◽

And Diffusion

Background The latest International Myeloma Working Group (IMWG) guideline recommends low-dose whole-body (WB) computed tomography (CT) as the first-line imaging technique for the initial diagnosis of plasma cell disorders. Purpose To evaluate diagnostic performances of CT and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) as the first-line imaging modalities and assess misclassification rates obtained following the guideline. Material and Methods Two independent radiologists analyzed CT (acquired as PET/CT) and DWI (3-T; b-values = 50 and 900 s/mm2) of patients newly diagnosed with plasma cell disorder, categorizing the number of bone lesions. Diagnostic performance of CT and DWI was compared using the McNemar test, and misclassification rates were calculated with a consensus WB-MRI reading as the reference standard. Differences in lesion number categories were assessed using marginal homogeneity and kappa statistics. Results Of 56 patients (36 men; mean age = 63.5 years), 39 had myeloma lesions. DWI showed slightly higher sensitivity for detecting myeloma lesions (97.4%) than CT (84.6%–92.3%; P > 0.05). CT showed significantly higher specificity (88.2%) than DWI (52.9%–58.8%; P<0.05). CT had a higher additional study requirement rate than DWI (7.7%–15.4% vs. 2.6%), but a lower unnecessary treatment rate (11.8% vs. 41.2%–47.1%). Both readers showed significant differences in categorization of the number of lesions on CT compared with the reference standard ( P < 0.001), and one reader showed a significant difference on DWI ( P = 0.006 and 0.098). Conclusion CT interpreted according to the IMWG guideline is a diagnostically effective first-line modality with relatively high sensitivity and specificity. DWI alone may not be an acceptable first-line imaging modality because of low specificity.

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Thumb Injuries and Instabilities. Part 2: Spectrum of Lesions

Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology ◽

10.1055/s-0041-1730414 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 25 (02) ◽

pp. 355-365

Author(s):

Alain G. Blum ◽

Marnix T. van Holsbeeck ◽

Stefano Bianchi

Keyword(s):

Soft Tissues ◽

Imaging Techniques ◽

Metacarpophalangeal Joint ◽

Resonance Imaging ◽

Ligament Injuries ◽

First Line ◽

Collateral Ligament ◽

Traumatic Injuries ◽

Line Imaging

AbstractThe motor function of the thumb and its alignment with regard to the hand make it particularly vulnerable to trauma. Pathology encountered in this joint is varied, and imaging techniques play a crucial role in the diagnosis and characterization of injury. Despite advances in imaging technology, acute thumb injuries remain a challenge for radiologists. Currently, standard radiography and ultrasonography are frequently used first-line imaging techniques. Computed tomography is most often indicated for complex fractures and dislocations. Magnetic resonance imaging may be used to optimally characterize soft tissues and bone marrow. In this article, we cover the most common traumatic injuries: fractures, dislocations, collateral ligament injuries of the metacarpophalangeal joint, as well as soft tissue lesions.

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Splenogonadal fusion evaluation using Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound and Elastography. A case report.

Medical Ultrasonography ◽

10.11152/mu-1897 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 356

Author(s):

Sergio Grosu ◽

Johannes Rübenthaler ◽

Thomas Knösel ◽

Matthias Trottmann ◽

Julian Marcon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Case Report ◽

Imaging Modality ◽

Shear Wave Elastography ◽

Splenic Tissue ◽

Pathologic Examination ◽

First Line ◽

Splenogonadal Fusion ◽

Rare Congenital Anomaly ◽

Contrast Enhanced ◽

Line Imaging

We present the case of splenogonadal fusion in a 53-year-old male patient assessed by ultrasound and MRI, confirmed by pathologic examination. In addition to B-mode and colour-coded Doppler ultrasound, shear wave elastography and CEUS were performed and are presented in detail. Splenogonadal fusion is a rare congenital anomaly presumably caused by an abnormal attachment of splenic tissue to the gonad during gestation. Diagnosis is challenging for clinicians and in unclear cases splenogonadal fusion might cause unnecessary orchiectomies with benign pathologic results. Ultrasound is the first-line imaging modality in the diagnosis of testicular pathologies. This case report summarizes all available modern ultrasound imagingtechnologies and highlights the possibilities for the diagnosis of splenogonadal fusion.

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Imaging in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases - Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Digestive Diseases ◽

10.1159/000437036 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 33 (Suppl. 1) ◽

pp. 26-31

Author(s):

Hans Herfarth ◽

Andreas G. Schreyer

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ◽

Intestinal Inflammation ◽

Imaging Modality ◽

Imaging Techniques ◽

Magnetization Transfer ◽

Diagnostic Value ◽

Bowel Diseases ◽

Inflammatory Bowel ◽

Line Imaging ◽

Sensitivity Specificity

Diagnostic imaging techniques play an important role in the diagnosis and management of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). The approach should be guided by considerations of diagnostic accuracy, concerns about patient exposure to ionizing radiation, local expertise and tolerance of the endoscopic and/or imaging technique. In regard to the clinical diagnostic value (sensitivity, specificity and accuracy), no significant differences exist between CT and MRI for the evaluation of the extent of inflammation, stricturing, penetrating disease or extraluminal complications such as abscesses. Due to the absence of radiation exposure, MRI of the intestine is recommended as the first-line imaging modality in patients with suspected or established IBD. The focus of this review is the latest developments in MRI techniques to detect IBDs. Specifically, the use of new indices for the grading of inflammation or assessing bowel damage as well as innovative experimental approaches such as diffusion-weighted imaging or magnetization-transfer MRI to evaluate and quantify the degree of intestinal inflammation and fibrosis in stricturing Crohn's disease are discussed.

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Pulley, Flexor, and Extensor Tendon Injuries of the Hand

Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology ◽

10.1055/s-0041-1727196 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 25 (02) ◽

pp. 203-215

Author(s):

Andrea B. Rosskopf ◽

Mihra S. Taljanovic ◽

Luca M. Sconfienza ◽

Salvatore Gitto ◽

Carlo Martinoli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Imaging Modality ◽

Extensor Tendon ◽

Tendon Injuries ◽

Resonance Imaging ◽

First Line ◽

A2 Pulley ◽

Dynamic Examination ◽

Line Imaging ◽

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽

Extensor Tendon Injuries

AbstractTendon injuries represent the second most common injury of the hand (after fractures) and are a common scanning indication in radiology. Pulley injuries are very frequent in rock climbers with the A2 pulley the most commonly affected. Tendon and pulley injuries can be reliably evaluated using ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). US can be postulated as a first-line imaging modality, allowing dynamic examination. MRI is essential for cases with ongoing diagnostic doubt post-US and also for preoperative pulley reconstruction assessment.

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ULTRASOUND - FIRST-LINE IMAGING MODALITY IN EVALUATION OF THE INFLAMMATORY BOWEL LESIONS IN CHILDREN

Gastroenterology ◽

10.1053/j.gastro.2021.01.066 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 160 (3) ◽

pp. S15-S16

Author(s):

Magdalena Grzegorczyk ◽

Maryla Kuczynska ◽

Karolina Siejka ◽

Monika Zbroja ◽

Weronika Cyranka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Imaging Modality ◽

First Line ◽

Inflammatory Bowel ◽

Line Imaging

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The use of computed tomography as a first-line imaging modality in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism

HORMONES ◽

10.1007/s42000-020-00205-x ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mechteld C. de Jong ◽

K. Jamal ◽

S. Morley ◽

T. Beale ◽

T. Chung ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Primary Hyperparathyroidism ◽

Imaging Modality ◽

First Line ◽

Line Imaging

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Sonography of the iliotibial band: spectrum of findings

Radiologia Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-39842014000100012 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 47 (1) ◽

pp. 33-37 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Carlos Frederico Arend

Keyword(s):

Imaging Modality ◽

Low Cost ◽

Iliotibial Band ◽

Band Spectrum ◽

Correct Identification ◽

First Line ◽

Potential Source ◽

Wide Availability ◽

Line Imaging ◽

Clinical Complaint

Iliotibial band lesions constitute a potential source of discomfort and are frequently confounded with other conditions which cause pain on the lateral aspect of the hip, thigh and knee. Ultrasonography is usually regarded as a first-line imaging modality in the assessment of such conditions because of its excellent diagnostic accuracy, low cost and wide availability. The correct identification of the structure involved in the production of symptoms leads to an appropriate management and to a higher probability of resolution of the clinical complaint. The present article is aimed at reviewing the different sonographic presentations of iliotibial band syndromes.

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Leukocytosis of Unknown Origin: Gangrenous Cholecystitis

Case Reports in Medicine ◽

10.1155/2013/418014 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-4 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Amara Jyothi Nidimusili ◽

M. Chadi Alraies ◽

Naseem Eisa ◽

Abdul Hamid Alraiyes ◽

Khaldoon Shaheen

Keyword(s):

Acute Cholecystitis ◽

Surgical Intervention ◽

Imaging Modality ◽

Case Reports ◽

Unknown Origin ◽

First Line ◽

Current Case ◽

Gangrenous Cholecystitis ◽

Line Imaging ◽

High Index Of Suspicion

There have been case reports where patients admitted with acute cholecystitis, who were managed conservatively, had subsequently developed GC (gangrenous cholecystitis). The current case is unique, since our patient denied any prior episodes of abdominal pain and the only tip off was leukocytosis. A high index of suspicion is essential for the early diagnosis and treatment of GC. GC has a mortality rate of up to 22% and a complication rate of 16–25%. Complications associated with GC include perforation, which has been reported to occur in as many as 10% of cases of acute cholecystitis. The radiological investigations may not be conclusive. Ultrasonography usually serves as the first-line imaging modality for the evaluation of patients with clinically suspected acute cholecystitis. However, CT can play an important role in the evaluation of these patients if sonography is inconclusive. There is a need for an early (if not urgent) surgical intervention in acute cholecystitis (whether laparoscopic or open surgery) in order to decrease the time elapsed from the start of symptoms to admission and treatment.

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