HIV-1, HIV-2, and HTLV-I Infection in High-Risk Groups in Brazil

1989 ◽  
Vol 320 (15) ◽  
pp. 953-958 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Cortes ◽  
Roger Detels ◽  
David Aboulafia ◽  
Xi Ling Li ◽  
Tarsem Moudgil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Hiv 1

Late diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infections in high-risk groups in Karachi, Pakistan

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (14) ◽  
pp. 1400-1406
Author(s):  
Zahra Hasan ◽  
Sharaf Shah ◽  
Rumina Hasan ◽  
Shoaib Rao ◽  
Manzoor Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection prevalence in Pakistan has been increasing in high-risk groups, including people who inject drugs (PWID) and transgender hijra sex workers (TG-HSWs) nationwide. Effective control of HIV requires early diagnosis of the infection. We investigated recency of HIV infections in newly-diagnosed cases in PWID and TG-HSWs. This was an observational study with convenience sampling. Overall, 210 HIV-positive subjects comprising an equal number of PWID and TG-HSWs were included. Antibody avidity was tested using the Maxim HIV-1 Limiting Antigen Avidity (LAg) EIA (Maxim Biomedical, Inc. Rockville, Maryland, USA). The mean age of study subjects was 29.5 years: PWID, 28.5 years and TG-HSWs, 30.4 years. Study subjects were married, 27%, or unmarried. Eighteen percent of individuals had recently-acquired HIV infections: 19% of PWID and 17% of TG-HSWs. Eighty-two percent of individuals had long-term HIV infections: 81% of PWID and 83% of TG-HSWs. This is the first study identification of recent HIV-1 infections in Pakistan. We show that most newly-diagnosed HIV patients in the high-risk groups studied had long-term infections. There is an urgent need for intervention in these groups to facilitate early diagnosis and treatment of HIV infection to reduce transmission in Pakistan.

An evaluation of the performance of OraQuick® ADVANCE Rapid HIV-1/2 Test in a high-risk population attending genitourinary medicine clinics in East London, UK

2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 665-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Zelin ◽  
N Garrett ◽  
J Saunders ◽  
F Warburton ◽  
J Anderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
Antibody Testing ◽  
Observer Error ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Hiv 1

To date, no data have been published on the use of OraQuick® ADVANCE Rapid HIV-1/2 Test (OraQuick) in the UK. We report preliminary findings of an ongoing evaluation of OraQuick in UK genitourinary (GU) medicine clinics. A total of 820 samples from patients in high-risk groups for HIV were tested with OraQuick and results were compared with standard HIV antibody testing. HIV prevalence (enzyme immunoassay [EIA]) was 5.73%, sensitivity of OraQuick was 93.64% (95% CI 82.46–98.66%), specificity 99.87% (99.28–100%), positive predictive value 97.78% (88.27–99.94%) and negative predictive value 99.61% (98.87–99.92%). This includes three false-negatives considered to be due to observer error and now rectified by further training. This has increased test sensitivity to 100%. Our observed test performance of OraQuick compares well with EIA and with other rapid tests. We believe that simple, non-invasive antibody detection tests such as OraQuick can increase HIV testing and diagnosis in UK GU medicine and community settings.

scholarly journals Prevalence of human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus (HTLV) type II infection among high-risk individuals: type-specific identification of HTLVs by polymerase chain reaction

Blood ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 1658-1664
Author(s):  
GD Ehrlich ◽  
JB Glaser ◽  
K LaVigne ◽  
D Quan ◽  
D Mildvan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
T Cell ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Cell Leukemia ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Human T Cell ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Hiv 1

The extent of human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type II (HTLV-II) infection and its rate of spread have been difficult to determine owing to the serological cross-reactivity between HTLV-I and HTLV-II. The present study overcame this problem by directly detecting type-specific proviral sequences by means of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and liquid hybridization. Screening was performed on a cohort of primarily white intravenous drug abusers (IVDAs), and individuals of other behaviorally defined risk groups from the New York City area. Eleven percent (19 of 169) of the individuals in these high-risk groups were determined by PCR to have HTLV-II proviral infections. One of these patients displayed an exfoliative erythrodermatitis. Thirteen of the 19 subjects were positive in an HTLV-II enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The remaining six individuals, although negative in the HTLV- II ELISA, were confirmed as HTLV-II positive by analyzing their DNA with a second HTLV-II-specific primer detector system. Four additional individuals were reactive in the HTLV-II ELISA but were PCR-negative for HTLV-II. PCR analysis for HTLV-I revealed that all four were positive for that virus. Thirty-seven percent (seven of 19) of the HTLV- II PCR-positive subjects were also PCR-positive for HTLV-I, and 84% (16 of 19) of the HTLV-II positive individuals were infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). Six individuals were triply infected with HTLV-I, HTLV-II, and HIV-1.

scholarly journals Sero-Prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) among High Risk Groups in Abuja, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 09 (01) ◽  
pp. 89-103
Author(s):  
Shehu Busu Mohammed ◽  
Yakubu Ya’aba ◽  
Moses Chinenye Abarike ◽  
John Baba
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

scholarly journals Prevalence of human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus (HTLV) type II infection among high-risk individuals: type-specific identification of HTLVs by polymerase chain reaction

Blood ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 1658-1664 ◽  
Author(s):  
GD Ehrlich ◽  
JB Glaser ◽  
K LaVigne ◽  
D Quan ◽  
D Mildvan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
T Cell ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Cell Leukemia ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Human T Cell ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Hiv 1

Abstract The extent of human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type II (HTLV-II) infection and its rate of spread have been difficult to determine owing to the serological cross-reactivity between HTLV-I and HTLV-II. The present study overcame this problem by directly detecting type-specific proviral sequences by means of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and liquid hybridization. Screening was performed on a cohort of primarily white intravenous drug abusers (IVDAs), and individuals of other behaviorally defined risk groups from the New York City area. Eleven percent (19 of 169) of the individuals in these high-risk groups were determined by PCR to have HTLV-II proviral infections. One of these patients displayed an exfoliative erythrodermatitis. Thirteen of the 19 subjects were positive in an HTLV-II enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The remaining six individuals, although negative in the HTLV- II ELISA, were confirmed as HTLV-II positive by analyzing their DNA with a second HTLV-II-specific primer detector system. Four additional individuals were reactive in the HTLV-II ELISA but were PCR-negative for HTLV-II. PCR analysis for HTLV-I revealed that all four were positive for that virus. Thirty-seven percent (seven of 19) of the HTLV- II PCR-positive subjects were also PCR-positive for HTLV-I, and 84% (16 of 19) of the HTLV-II positive individuals were infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). Six individuals were triply infected with HTLV-I, HTLV-II, and HIV-1.

scholarly journals High Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of HCV among HIV-1 Infected People from Various High-Risk Groups in China

PLoS ONE ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. e10631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Shang ◽  
Ping Zhong ◽  
Jing Liu ◽  
Xiaoxu Han ◽  
Di Dai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Infected People ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Hiv 1

scholarly journals A mathematical modeling approach to measure the probability of HIV-1 transmission for different high-risk groups of Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (08) ◽  
pp. 1212-1215
Author(s):  
Syed Rizwan-ul-Hasan ◽  
Fatima Farrukh ◽  
Shakil Ahmed ◽  
Syed Hani Abidi
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Vulnerable Populations ◽  
People Who Inject Drugs ◽  
Risk Group ◽  
Probabilistic Modeling ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
High Risk Group ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
High Likelihood ◽  
Hiv 1

Introduction: Since 2010, the number of new HIV-1 cases has declined by 30% globally, however, in few countries, such as Pakistan, the cases have continued to increase, where the country witnessed a 57% increase in the number of new infections between 2010 and 2020. The HIV-1 epidemic in Pakistan is concentrated in certain high-risk groups, however, it is unknown which high-risk group has a higher likelihood of transmitting HIV-1 infections to vulnerable populations. This study aimed to apply mathematical probabilistic modeling to estimate the probability of HIV-1 transmission for different high-risk groups of Pakistan. Methodology: MATLAB software was used to conduct probabilistic modeling (chance estimation) of HIV-1 transmission for different high-risk groups of Pakistan, and also draw a comparison between Pakistan and different high- and low- HIV-1 prevalence countries. Results: Our results revealed that Pakistan overall had the lowest probability of HIV-1 transmission as compared to other countries included in this study; however, within Pakistan, certain high-risk groups such as people who inject drugs (PWID) and the region of Larkana exhibited a high probability of HIV-1 transmissions. Conclusions: Our study suggests that the concentrated HIV-1 epidemic in Pakistan has a high likelihood of expansion from certain high-risk groups to other vulnerable populations. Further studies to understand the socio-epidemiological factors driving the expansion of the HIV-1 epidemic within the country will guide specific HIV-1 intervention strategies to control the spread of HIV-1 from high-risk to other vulnerable populations.

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