High Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of HCV among HIV-1 Infected People from Various High-Risk Groups in China

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection prevalence in Pakistan has been increasing in high-risk groups, including people who inject drugs (PWID) and transgender hijra sex workers (TG-HSWs) nationwide. Effective control of HIV requires early diagnosis of the infection. We investigated recency of HIV infections in newly-diagnosed cases in PWID and TG-HSWs. This was an observational study with convenience sampling. Overall, 210 HIV-positive subjects comprising an equal number of PWID and TG-HSWs were included. Antibody avidity was tested using the Maxim HIV-1 Limiting Antigen Avidity (LAg) EIA (Maxim Biomedical, Inc. Rockville, Maryland, USA). The mean age of study subjects was 29.5 years: PWID, 28.5 years and TG-HSWs, 30.4 years. Study subjects were married, 27%, or unmarried. Eighteen percent of individuals had recently-acquired HIV infections: 19% of PWID and 17% of TG-HSWs. Eighty-two percent of individuals had long-term HIV infections: 81% of PWID and 83% of TG-HSWs. This is the first study identification of recent HIV-1 infections in Pakistan. We show that most newly-diagnosed HIV patients in the high-risk groups studied had long-term infections. There is an urgent need for intervention in these groups to facilitate early diagnosis and treatment of HIV infection to reduce transmission in Pakistan.

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An evaluation of the performance of OraQuick® ADVANCE Rapid HIV-1/2 Test in a high-risk population attending genitourinary medicine clinics in East London, UK

International Journal of STD & AIDS ◽

10.1258/ijsa.2008.008132 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 19 (10) ◽

pp. 665-667 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

J Zelin ◽

N Garrett ◽

J Saunders ◽

F Warburton ◽

J Anderson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Risk ◽

Test Performance ◽

Predictive Value ◽

Risk Groups ◽

Antibody Detection ◽

High Risk Population ◽

Antibody Testing ◽

Observer Error ◽

The Uk ◽

Hiv 1

To date, no data have been published on the use of OraQuick® ADVANCE Rapid HIV-1/2 Test (OraQuick) in the UK. We report preliminary findings of an ongoing evaluation of OraQuick in UK genitourinary (GU) medicine clinics. A total of 820 samples from patients in high-risk groups for HIV were tested with OraQuick and results were compared with standard HIV antibody testing. HIV prevalence (enzyme immunoassay [EIA]) was 5.73%, sensitivity of OraQuick was 93.64% (95% CI 82.46–98.66%), specificity 99.87% (99.28–100%), positive predictive value 97.78% (88.27–99.94%) and negative predictive value 99.61% (98.87–99.92%). This includes three false-negatives considered to be due to observer error and now rectified by further training. This has increased test sensitivity to 100%. Our observed test performance of OraQuick compares well with EIA and with other rapid tests. We believe that simple, non-invasive antibody detection tests such as OraQuick can increase HIV testing and diagnosis in UK GU medicine and community settings.

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Comparison of the accuracy of diagnoses of oral potentially malignant disorders with dysplasia by a general dental clinician and a specialist using the Taiwanese Nationwide Oral Mucosal Screening Program

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0244740 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. e0244740

Author(s):

Tien-En Chiang ◽

Yu-Chun Lin ◽

Chi-Tsung Wu ◽

Cheng-Yu Yang ◽

Sheng-Tang Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Risk ◽

Early Diagnosis ◽

Screening Program ◽

Risk Groups ◽

Histopathological Analysis ◽

Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Potentially Malignant Disorders ◽

Potentially Malignant ◽

Oral And Maxillofacial Surgeon

Screening for oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) with dysplasia in high-risk groups is suggested in countries with a high prevalence of the disorders. This study aimed to compare the accuracy of diagnoses of OPMDs with dysplasia made by a primary examiner (general dental clinician) and a specialist (oral and maxillofacial surgeon) using the current Taiwanese Nationwide Oral Mucosal Screening Program (TNOMSP). A total of 134 high-risk participants were enrolled for oral mucosal screening via the TNOMSP. A primary examiner and a specialist examined each participant. Mucosal biopsies were obtained and subjected to histopathological analysis. The OPMD most frequently diagnosed by the primary examiner was thin homogeneous leukoplakia (48/134; 35.8%), and in 39/134 participants (29.1%) the diagnosis was uncertain, but abnormalities were suggested. The OPMDs most frequently diagnosed by the specialist were erythroleukoplakia (23/134; 17.2%) and thin homogeneous leukoplakia (21/134; 15.7%), and 51/134 participants (38.1%) were diagnosed with other diseases. Via histopathology, 70/134 participants (52.3%) were diagnosed with dysplasia, and 58/134 (43.3%) were diagnosed with benign conditions. The specialist’s diagnoses exhibited a higher specificity, positive predictive value, and accuracy than the primary examiners. A specialist using the current TNOMSP for high-risk participants diagnosed OPMDs with dysplasia more accurately than a primary examiner. Early diagnosis of high-risk OPMDs is crucial in countries with a high prevalence of the disorders. Proficient examination via the current TNOMSP by trained clinician is effective for the management of OPMDs with dysplasia.

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High Prevalence of HIV-1 Drug Resistance and Dynamics of Transmission Among High-Risk Populations in Port-au-Prince, Haiti

JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes ◽

10.1097/qai.0000000000002475 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol Publish Ahead of Print ◽

Author(s):

Frantz Jean Louis ◽

Jean Wysler Domercant ◽

Caroline Ignacio ◽

Sara Gianella ◽

Guethina Galbaud ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Resistance ◽

High Risk ◽

High Prevalence ◽

High Risk Populations ◽

Hiv 1

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Low Levels of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 DNA in High-Risk Seronegative Men

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.79.10.6551-6553.2005 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 79 (10) ◽

pp. 6551-6553 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Fransje A. Koning ◽

Teun J. K. van der Vorst ◽

Hanneke Schuitemaker

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

High Risk ◽

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽

Virus Type ◽

Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Low Levels ◽

Hiv 1

ABSTRACT We detected human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) DNA at very low levels in sequential peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples of five out of six high-risk, seronegative, homosexual men and five out of five individuals 7.8 to 1.6 years prior to seroconversion. These data indicate a high prevalence of low-level HIV-1 DNA in exposed seronegative individuals.

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HIV-1 Genetic Diversity and High Prevalence of Pretreatment Drug Resistance in Tianjin, China

AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses ◽

10.1089/aid.2020.0056 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (10) ◽

pp. 852-861

Author(s):

Rui Zeng ◽

Doudou Ren ◽

Xiaowen Gong ◽

Min Wei ◽

Liying Gao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genetic Diversity ◽

Drug Resistance ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Hiv 1

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Prevalence of human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus (HTLV) type II infection among high-risk individuals: type-specific identification of HTLVs by polymerase chain reaction

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v74.5.1658.bloodjournal7451658 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 74 (5) ◽

pp. 1658-1664

Author(s):

GD Ehrlich ◽

JB Glaser ◽

K LaVigne ◽

D Quan ◽

D Mildvan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽

T Cell ◽

High Risk ◽

Risk Groups ◽

Type Ii ◽

Cell Leukemia ◽

Chain Reaction ◽

Human T Cell ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Hiv 1

The extent of human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type II (HTLV-II) infection and its rate of spread have been difficult to determine owing to the serological cross-reactivity between HTLV-I and HTLV-II. The present study overcame this problem by directly detecting type-specific proviral sequences by means of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and liquid hybridization. Screening was performed on a cohort of primarily white intravenous drug abusers (IVDAs), and individuals of other behaviorally defined risk groups from the New York City area. Eleven percent (19 of 169) of the individuals in these high-risk groups were determined by PCR to have HTLV-II proviral infections. One of these patients displayed an exfoliative erythrodermatitis. Thirteen of the 19 subjects were positive in an HTLV-II enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The remaining six individuals, although negative in the HTLV- II ELISA, were confirmed as HTLV-II positive by analyzing their DNA with a second HTLV-II-specific primer detector system. Four additional individuals were reactive in the HTLV-II ELISA but were PCR-negative for HTLV-II. PCR analysis for HTLV-I revealed that all four were positive for that virus. Thirty-seven percent (seven of 19) of the HTLV- II PCR-positive subjects were also PCR-positive for HTLV-I, and 84% (16 of 19) of the HTLV-II positive individuals were infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). Six individuals were triply infected with HTLV-I, HTLV-II, and HIV-1.

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