scholarly journals Revisiting a basic question: does growing up in either female or male environment affect sex differences in academic strengths and occupational choices?

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Fellman ◽  
Richard Bränström ◽  
Agneta Herlitz
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Basic Question ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Cognitive Demands ◽  
Verbal Language ◽  
School Subjects ◽  
Born Child ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Composition Study

AbstractAre we affected by growing up in either female or male environment? This study examined whether girls’ and boys’ academic strengths at age 16 in verbal/language school subjects, relative to technical/numerical subjects, and cognitive demands of a chosen occupation at age 35 are influenced by having same- or opposite-sex siblings. Using representative population data from Swedish registers, we extracted (Study 1) 3-sibling families (N = 17,233), focusing on the mid-born, and (Study 2) 2-sibling families (N = 118,688), focusing on the last-born child. Both studies demonstrated that individuals’ academic strengths were unaffected by sibship composition. Study 2 showed that boys with a sister tended to choose more numerically demanding occupations as compared to boys with a brother. Taken together, growing up in a more or less female or male environment, that is, having same- or opposite-sex siblings does not impact one’s tendency to be academically more or less verbally or numerically aligned.

Race and Sex Differences in Age-Related Hearing Loss: The Health, Aging and Body Composition Study

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 2119-2127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth P. Helzner ◽  
Jane A. Cauley ◽  
Sheila R. Pratt ◽  
Steven R. Wisniewski ◽  
Joseph M. Zmuda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Body Composition Study ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Health Aging ◽  
Composition Study ◽  
Age Related Hearing Loss

scholarly journals Sex Difference in Plasma Deoxyribonuclease Activity in Rats

2021 ◽  
pp. 913-920
Author(s):  
Ľ Janovičová ◽  
B. Gromová ◽  
D. Drobná ◽  
B. Konečná ◽  
E. Renczés ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Extracellular Dna ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Dnase Activity ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Diffusion Assay ◽  
Deoxyribonuclease Activity

Extracellular DNA (ecDNA) activates immune cells and is involved in the pathogenesis of diseases associated with inflammation such as sepsis, rheumatoid arthritis or metabolic syndrome. DNA can be cleaved by deoxyribonucleases (DNases), some of which are secreted out of cells. The aim of this experiment was to describe plasma DNase activity in relation to extracellular DNA in adult rats, to analyse potential sex differences and to prove whether they are related to endogenous testosterone. Adult Lewis rats (n=28) of both sexes were included in the experiment. Male rats were gonadectomized or sham-operated and compared to intact female rats. Plasma ecDNA and DNase activity were measured using fluorometry and single radial enzyme diffusion assay, respectively. Concentrations of nuclear ecDNA and mitochondrial ecDNA were determined using real-time PCR. Females had 60% higher plasma DNase activity than males (p=0.03). Gonadectomy did not affect plasma DNase in males. Neither the concentration of total ecDNA, nor nuclear or mitochondrial DNA in plasma differed between the groups. No significant correlations between DNase and ecDNA were found. From previous studies on mice, it was expected, that male rats will have higher DNase activity. In contrast, our study in rats showed the opposite sex difference. This sex difference seems not to be caused by endogenous testosterone. Interestingly, no sex differences were observed in plasma ecDNA suggesting a complex or missing association between plasma ecDNA and DNase. The observed sex difference in plasma DNase should be taken into account in animal models of ecDNA-associated diseases.

Can Mate Choice Strategies Explain Sex Differences?

2009 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Stieger ◽  
Tina Eichinger ◽  
Britta Honeder
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Mate Choice ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Mating Strategies ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Online Harassment ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Online Deception ◽  
Gender Switching

Online deception is a phenomenon on the Internet, facilitated by restrictions on communication channels. As communication on the Internet is largely exchanged in textual form, deception about personal data such as sex, age, and appearance can be difficult to detect. Research on online deception has been focused thus far on what deceivers lie about and what motivates them to do so. Little is known about how persons feel when they are deceived in an online environment and about whether sex differences exist in the intensity of those feelings. Furthermore, research on online deception largely lacks a theoretical basis. In the current studies, differences between the sexes with respect to their reaction to online deception about sex, age, and appearance were analyzed in a framework of sex-specific mating strategies predicted by evolutionary theory. The results of a structured online interview showed that sex-specific differences in reaction to online gender switching and appearance deception can be explained by mating strategies. Gender switching was found to be more disturbing when committed by a chat partner of the same sex than when committed by a chat partner of the opposite sex. Appearance deception was found to be more disturbing when committed by chat partners of the opposite sex. The data on age deception were not in line with the theory of mate-choice strategies. Even a second online questionnaire study could not entirely clarify the issue but did reveal interfering factors (such as online harassment, legal issues, life expectancy) that probably influence the effect driven by evolution.

Mediation and moderation in ratings of hostile jokes by men and women

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Millicent H. Abel ◽  
Jason Flick
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Mediation Effects ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Moderation Effect ◽  
Moderation Effects ◽  
Masculinity And Femininity ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Mediation And Moderation

AbstractTwo studies were conducted to examine sex differences in enjoyment of hostile jokes targeting men and women with a focus on examining mediation effects of masculinity and femininity and moderation effects of the jokes' offensiveness. These studies continued to support men and women enjoying jokes targeting the opposite sex more so than jokes targeting the same sex. However, in Study 1, masculinity and femininity mediated these differences for men with higher masculinity related to greater enjoyment of the female hostile jokes and higher femininity related to greater enjoyment of the male hostile jokes. Masculinity alone mediated the differences for women with higher masculinity related to greater enjoyment of the female-targeted jokes and yet, no relationship existed with femininity. In Study 2, both men and women rated the female-targeted jokes as more offensive than the male-targeted jokes. A moderation effect for the jokes' offensiveness occurred for women who rated highly offensive male-targeted jokes funnier than highly offensive female-targeted jokes. No effect for offensiveness occurred for men; men rated both offensive female-targeted and male-targeted jokes equally funny even though they rated the female jokes as more offensive.

Attention to Sex in Psychological Research as Related to Journal Policy and Author Sex

1979 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Etaugh ◽  
Deborah Bohn Spandikow
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Child Development ◽  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Editorial Policy ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Senior Author ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Female Authors ◽  
Single Sex ◽  
Opposite Sex

From 1969 to 1974, Developmental Psychology, but not Child Development, specified that authors analyze for sex differences. The authors examined 503 studies published in Child Development and Developmental Psychology in 1971 and 1975. Sex of senior author, subjects and experimenter(s) were recorded for each study. If subjects of both sexes were used, the presence or absence of the following were noted: (a) analysis of sex differences; (b) hypotheses regarding sex differences; (c) mention of subjects' sex in the abstract. For single-sex-subject studies, mention of subjects' sex in the discussion or conclusion was noted. Using these data as dependent variables, chi-square analyses were performed comparing: (a) the two journals; (b) 1971 and 1975 authors; and (c) male and female authors. The findings were: (a) More attention was paid to sex in Developmental Psychology when the journal had a written editorial policy regarding this factor; (b) Evidence was mixed for increasing awareness of sex as a variable between 1971 and 1975; (c) Female authors were more aware of sex than were male authors in 1971 but not in 1975; (d) In both years, authors used own-sex subjects and experimenters more than those of the opposite sex; (e) Developmental psychologists, as compared to psychologists in other areas previously examined, were more sensitive to sex as a variable.

scholarly journals Sex Differences in Symptoms of Depression in Unrelated Individuals and Opposite-Sex Twin and Sibling Pairs

2006 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 632-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christel M. Middeldorp ◽  
Naomi R. Wray ◽  
Gavin Andrews ◽  
Nicholas G. Martin ◽  
Dorret I. Boomsma
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Psychomotor Retardation ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Sibling Pairs ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
Symptom Profiles ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Specific Symptoms

AbstractDiagnosis of a major depressive episode by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders of the American Psychiatric Association requires 5 out of 9 symptoms to be present. Therefore, individuals may differ in the specific symptoms they experience and reach a diagnosis of depression via different pathways. It has been suggested that depressed women more often report symptoms of sleep disturbance, appetite or weight disturbance, fatigue, feelings of guilt/worthlessness and psychomotor retardation than depressed men. In the current study, we investigate whether depressed men and women differ in the symptoms they report. Two samples were selected from a sample of Dutch and Australian twins and siblings. First, Dutch and Australian unrelated depressed individuals were selected. Second, a matched epidemiological sample was created consisting of opposite-sex twin and sibling pairs in which both members were depressed. No sex differences in prevalence rates for symptoms were found, with the exception of decreased weight in women in the sample of unrelated individuals. In general, the similarities in symptoms seem to far outweigh the differences in symptoms between men and women. This signifies that men and women are alike in their symptom profiles for major depression and genes for depression are probably expressed in the same way in the two sexes.

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