scholarly journals How to make noncoherent problems more productive: Towards an AMR management plan for low resource livestock sectors

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Butcher ◽  
Jose A. Cañada ◽  
Salla Sariola
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Production Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Global Policy ◽  
Low Resource ◽  
Livestock Breeding ◽  
Livestock Sector ◽  
Context Specific

AbstractGlobal policy for managing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is underpinned by a standardised and coherent global framework for reducing antibiotic use in clinical health, veterinary health, and food production sectors. Within the framework, problematic antibiotic use (a significant driver of AMR) is treated as a knowledge deficit on the part of users and prescribers, which can be remedied by educating them to make better informed treatment decisions. This narrow approach to AMR management conceals the socioeconomic and material drivers of antibiotic decision-making, creating challenges for low resource regions that rely on antibiotic therapies to manage uncertainty and precarity. Thus, there is a need for a global AMR policy that acknowledges the diversity of sociomaterial arrangements and practices that antibiotics form part of, if their use is to be reduced without undermining productivity or the attainment of poverty reduction indicators. Drawing upon research of antibiotic use in West Africa’s livestock sector, this article analyses the interrelation of antibiotics, AMR action plans, and production management strategies in ecologies of livestock breeding practices. We apply the STS-influenced perspective of noncoherence to analyse how seemingly contradictory practices and institutional logics productively coalesce. We argue that observing noncoherent practices increases our understanding of antibiotic use in relation to local breeding conditions that are frequently not of the producers’ making, whilst drawing attention to context-specific possibilities for improving livestock management capacities and reducing reliance on antibiotic therapies in low-resource settings. The article concludes by calling for an AMR global policy that is more responsive to local specificity rather than enforcing universal standardisation.

Management inferences from a demographic analysis of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in the Laurentian Great Lakes

2008 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Antonio Vélez-Espino ◽  
Robert L McLaughlin ◽  
Thomas C Pratt
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Petromyzon Marinus ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Sea Lamprey ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Laurentian Great Lakes ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Vital Rates ◽  
Population Growth Rates

We use matrix models incorporating uncertainty in values of life history traits and density-dependent survival to assess pest management strategies implemented by the Great Lakes Fishery Commission to control nonnative sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in the Laurentian Great Lakes. The primary method of sea lamprey control has been treatment of rearing tributaries with chemical lampricides, but release of sterilized males and deployment of migratory barriers and traps are important components of the management plan. Uncertainties in the effectiveness of alternative control remain, however. Our models demonstrated that the management target of reducing lampricide use by 20% while maintaining current levels of control could be achieved if alternative methods are used to suppress current lake-wide fecundity rates by 49%–65%, assuming equal lampricide efficiency on larvae and metamorphosing individuals, or by 42%–55% when lampricide mortality on larvae is assumed to be half of that on metamorphosing individuals. At current levels of lampricide use, reduction to 72%–88% of current fecundity rates is recommended to ensure long-term control of sea lamprey populations in the face of uncertainty in current estimates of population growth rates. New control options targeting additional vital rates, such as survival of the parasitic life stage, could further reduce reliance on lampricides while maintaining effective sea lamprey control.

scholarly journals Efficient Financing, Banking, and Foreign Exchange Operations in Mitigating Refined Petroleum Shortages In Nigerian Downstream Petroleum Supply Industry

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Dr. Itsekor Lucky Ubini
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Foreign Exchange ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Letter Of Credit ◽  
Product Availability ◽  
Niger Delta Region ◽  
Strategic Role

Eve ry enterprise in Nigeria depends on refined petroleum product for either transportation, power, or heat source.The recurrent shortages or scarcity of petroleum products in Nigeria cripples business activities, which undermines the development of the economy. The purpose of this multiple case study was to identify the strategic role of finance, banks, and foreign exchange in mitigating petroleum shortages in the petroleum supply chain and to sustain business development in Nigeria. The study participants include ten senior leaders from two private-sector Nigerian downstream petroleum supply companies located in the Niger Delta region, who had successfully implemented strategies for petroleum supply. The resource based view theory served as the conceptual framework for the study. Data were collected through semi structured face-to-face interviews and review of operational and policy documents from the supply or marketing companies. Data were transcribed, analyzed, and validated through member checking and triangulation. The findings indicate that petroleum leaders must engage with efficient banks to obtain loans or letter of credit, liquidate letter of credit on time, obtain foreign exchange at best rates, and avoid documentation hitches and delays on international transactions.Findings may be used by petroleum business leaders and investors to create effective and efficient financial resource management strategies in the supply chain, leading to product availability, sustainability, poverty reduction, and economic development.

scholarly journals An Inverted Management Strategy for the Fishery of Endangered Marine Species

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hudson T. Pinheiro ◽  
Jose A. C. C. Nunes ◽  
E. O. C. Coni ◽  
E. C. G. Almeida ◽  
C. L. S. Sampaio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endangered Species ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Brazilian Coast ◽  
Innovative Strategy ◽  
Key Species ◽  
The Government ◽  
Marine Areas

Overfishing is notorious for triggering population collapses and disrupting marine biological functioning worldwide. To counter such a threat, policy-makers have created and implemented multiple management strategies, but most were incapable to prevent the decline of several key species. Here, we discuss a new management strategy in force since June 2019 in Brazil that aims to deter the overfishing of parrotfish species of the genera Scarus and Sparisoma. This innovative strategy, here referred to as inverted management, allows the capture of endangered parrotfish species inside management areas, such as partially protected marine areas—MPAs, but bans it elsewhere. This initiative is supposed to be built in a partnership among the government, scientists, managers, and fishers. If implemented correctly, endangered species would recover in the much larger area outside MPAs, and fishers would benefit from the conservation-value of the scarce and valued product. However, to succeed, the strategy depends on the adoption of a series of challenging management rules that are not currently being enforced along an extensive coastline. So far, few MPAs have incorporated rules for endangered species in their management plan, and those that have done so have no plans or the means to enforce them. Therefore, fishing of endangered species is currently ongoing without any management or monitoring in the entire Brazilian coast. Concerned with the challenges to develop plans to recover populations of endangered species faced by Brazilian managers, we suggest wide communication and a ban on the fisheries until management plans are implemented. Additionally, we suggest that the effectiveness of the inverted management strategy for parrotfishes should be assessed before it’s applied to other endangered species.

scholarly journals Analytical hierarchy process - bocr applied for the best lean project selection for production lines

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 054
Author(s):  
José Antonio De Miranda Lammoglia ◽  
Nilson Brandalise ◽  
Cecilia Toledo Hernandez
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Lean Manufacturing ◽  
Production Management ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Investment Project ◽  
Production Volume ◽  
Production Lines ◽  
Global Competitiveness ◽  
Investment Projects

The scenario of global competitiveness demands more and more of the organizations the search for continuous improvement. For survival, in the face of adverse market conditions, modern production management strategies are essential to make production processes increasingly efficient, lean and sustainable, minimizing losses in their production systems. In this sense, when thinking about changes in production lines, in search of improvements in their process, criteria that provide Benefits, Opportunities, Costs and Risks (BOCR) should be considered. In this way, managers and executives should rely on tools and methods that allow them to guide their decisions in a clear way. The objective of this work is to apply a method of Decision Making with Multiple Criteria to the alternatives of investment projects in production lines in Lean Manufacturing concept. As a general result, it was possible to observe the applicability of the AHP BOCR method for the decision-making case involving several criteria and subcriteria for choosing the Lean investment project in the steel environment, the preferred alternative being the discontinuity of the production line 1 and the absorption of their respective production volume by production lines 2 and 3 through investments in them.

Risk Management Strategies for Project Success

2018 ◽  
pp. 250-267
Author(s):  
Vittal S. Anantatmula ◽  
Yang Fan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Project Success ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Risk Management Plan ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Risk Management Strategies ◽  
Risk Mitigation Strategies

As projects are associated with risks due to the presence of uncertainties and unknowns, risk management assumes importance in project success. This chapter is an attempt to examine various risk mitigation strategies that are commonly employed if different industrial sectors. The chosen risk strategy would also largely depend either on individual's or organization's propensity to take risks. The authors summarize the findings of a research study in this chapter. The research results show that effort and details of a risk management for a project are governed by risks associated with cost and time and not necessarily with the project scope. Also, many organizations prefer a contingency budget to the project plan to developing a detailed risk management plan.

Exploring Recipient Preferences and Allocation Mechanisms in the Distribution of Development Aid

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 749-766
Author(s):  
Jeremy Shapiro
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Development Aid ◽  
Cash Transfers ◽  
Low Resource ◽  
Perceived Need ◽  
Incentive Compatible ◽  
Private Contributions ◽  
Resource Levels

Abstract This study uses incentive-compatible techniques to obtain valuations of 14 common poverty reduction interventions from (probable) aid recipients. Recipients’ valuations for these interventions are highly heterogeneous both across interventions and across recipients of the same intervention. Valuation for interventions does not correlate with overall poverty or with perceived need for specific interventions, suggesting that targeting individuals with high valuations based on recipient characteristics is difficult. Through simulations, this study assesses how various allocation mechanisms—cash transfers and voting—compare in generating recipient surplus in the allocation of aid. When markets function and constraints on joint private contributions to public goods do not bind, cash transfers generate considerably more recipient surplus than voting. Even when cash transfers cannot enable public goods and some services, they may still outperform voting at very low resource levels. However, as resource levels increase, voting dominates cash transfers from a surplus-maximization perspective.

Theory and method in the study of poverty in east Africa

Focaal ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 (45) ◽  
pp. 56-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
National Scale ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative Methods ◽  
Methodological Choices ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Context Specific

This article explores the relation between theory and method in three methodologically innovative studies of rural poverty. The issue is pertinent because the nature of research on poverty has shifted from small-scale qualitative studies to large surveys, and to national-scale studies that combine qualitative and quantitative methods in an effort to inform policy makers on appropriate poverty reduction strategies. The interest in combined methods holds considerable promise for poverty research because it links a search for 'objective' economic concerns to the analysis of 'subjective' and context-specific issues. It is instructive to examine recent studies of poverty that have pursued different theoretical and methodological choices with a view to understand how 'theory' influenced methodological choices, and whether and how such choices influenced their understanding of poverty.

scholarly journals Canadian Thoracic Society Recommendations for Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease – 2003

2003 ◽  
Vol 10 (suppl a) ◽  
pp. 11A-33A ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis E O’donnell ◽  
Shawn Aaron ◽  
Jean Bourbeau ◽  
Paul Hernandez ◽  
Darcy D Marciniuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Comprehensive Management

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common cause of disability and death in Canada. Moreover, morbidity and mortality from COPD continue to rise and the economic burden is enormous. The main goal of the Canadian Thoracic Society (CTS) Evidence-Based Guidelines is to optimize early diagnosis, prevention and management of COPD in Canada. Targeted spirometry is strongly recommended to expedite early diagnosis in smokers and exsmokers who develop respiratory symptoms, and who are at risk for COPD. Smoking cessation remains the single most effective intervention to reduce the risk of COPD and to slow its progression. Education, especially self-management plans, are key interventions in COPD. Therapy should be escalated in accordance with the increasing severity of symptoms and disability. Long acting anticholinergics and beta2-agonist inhalers should be prescribed for patients who remain symptomatic despite short-acting bronchodilator therapy. Inhaled steroids should not be used as first line therapy in COPD, but have a role in preventing exacerbations in patients with more advanced disease who suffer recurrent exacerbations. Management strategies consisting of combined modern pharmacotherapy and nonpharmacotherapeutic interventions (eg, pulmonary rehabilitation/exercise training) can effectively improve symptoms, activity levels, and quality of life, even in patients with severe COPD. Acute exacerbations of COPD cause significant morbidity and mortality and should be treated promptly with bronchodilators and a short course of oral steroids; antibiotics should be prescribed for purulent exacerbations. Patients with advanced COPD and respiratory failure require a comprehensive management plan that incorporates structured end-of-life care.

scholarly journals Asset management using a hybrid backcasting/forecasting approach

Facilities ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (11/12) ◽  
pp. 701-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Jones ◽  
Api Desai ◽  
Mark Mulville ◽  
Aled Jones
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Asset Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Alternative Pathways ◽  
Future State ◽  
The Future

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present an alternative approach to facilities and built asset management adaptation planning to climate change based on a hybrid backcasting/forecasting model. Backcasting envisions a future state and examines alternative “pathways of approach” by looking backwards from the future state to the present day. Each pathway is examined in turn to identify interventions required for that pathway to achieve the future state. Each pathway is reviewed using forecasting tools and the most appropriate is selected. This paper describes the application of this approach to the integration of climate change adaptation plans into facilities and built asset management. Design/methodology/approach – The researchers worked with various stakeholders as part of a participatory research team to identify climate change adaptations that may be required to ensure the continued performance of a new educational building over its life cycle. The team identified 2020, 2040 and 2080 year end-goals and assessed alternative pathways of approach. The most appropriate pathways were integrated into the facilities and built asset management plan. Findings – The paper outlines a conceptual framework for formulating long term facilities and built asset management strategies to address adaptation to climate change. Research limitations/implications – The conceptual framework is validated by a single research case study, and further examples are needed to ensure validity of the approach in different facilities management contexts. Originality/value – This is the first paper to explore backcasting principles as part of facilities and built asset management planning.

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