Prioritizing Pit Cast Iron Small Diameter Watermains for Assessment

In this work the development of the technology and equipment for gas injection treatment of cast iron by inert gas (nitrogen) is presented. The equipment includes the plunging lance as a lined steel pipe with nozzles. The nozzles are thin channels, which are lined by ceramic tubes with small-diameter. The lance has a multiple use, as it has calibrated channel sizes, and provide the stability regime of gas injection treatment. The characteristic of the gas injection technology consists of blowing of melt by gas, which is injected into the liquid cast iron through thin jet with a speed near to the velocity of sound. In this case, the dispersion of gas jets in small-sized bubbles is reached, therefore the refining effectiveness increases. The gas injection treatment shows the promotion of casting properties, improvement of homogeneity and fineness of structure, stabilization or increasing of mechanical properties, decreasing of casting defectiveness. The positive effects of the gas injection treatment is the result of complex action of the injecting gas into the cast iron melt. Together with refining and homogenizing action at specified conditions, it offers the modifying and alloying effects also.

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Leak-before-break (LBB) analysis and failure processes for small-diameter cast iron pipes

Tubular Structures XVI ◽

10.1201/9781351210843-77 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 625-630

Author(s):

R. Jiang ◽

D. Weerasinghe ◽

C. Zhang ◽

X.L. Zhao ◽

J. Kodikara ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cast Iron ◽

Small Diameter ◽

Leak Before Break

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Utilization of oxidized cast-iron and steel scrap in small-diameter shaft furnaces

Steel in Translation ◽

10.3103/s0967091209060059 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 39 (6) ◽

pp. 460-462

Author(s):

A. V. Feoktistov ◽

I. F. Selyanin ◽

S. A. Bedarev ◽

A. V. Prokhorenko ◽

V. A. Marchenko

Keyword(s):

Cast Iron ◽

Small Diameter ◽

Steel Scrap ◽

Iron And Steel ◽

Shaft Furnaces

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Probabilistic failure investigation of small diameter cast iron pipelines for water distribution

Engineering Failure Analysis ◽

10.1016/j.engfailanal.2019.104239 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 108 ◽

pp. 104239 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Jian Ji ◽

Jia Hong Lai ◽

Guoyang Fu ◽

Chunshun Zhang ◽

Jayantha Kodikara

Keyword(s):

Cast Iron ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Small Diameter ◽

Failure Investigation

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Rehabilitation of Small-Diameter Cast-Iron Pipe: US, UK, and Australian Perspectives

American Water Works Association ◽

10.5942/jawwa.2015.107.0003 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 107 (1) ◽

pp. E12-E21 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

David Marlow ◽

Scott Gould ◽

David Beale ◽

Bradley Lane

Keyword(s):

Cast Iron ◽

Small Diameter

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Failure of small diameter cast iron pipes

Urban Water ◽

10.1016/s1462-0758(02)00004-3 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 263-271 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

K. Atkinson ◽

J.T. Whiter ◽

P.A. Smith ◽

M. Mulheron

Keyword(s):

Cast Iron ◽

Small Diameter

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RESEARCH OF THE TECHNOLOGY OF OPENING HOLES IN COMPACT AND POWDER MATERIALS

ETM Equipment, Technologies, Materials ◽

10.36962/etm0501202051 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 05 (01) ◽

pp. 51

Author(s):

Heybet Eldarzade ◽

Aghali Quliyev ◽

Aynur Sherifova ◽

Rafiqa Shahmarova ◽

Tamilla Xankishiyeva

Keyword(s):

Cast Iron ◽

Powder Material ◽

High Speed ◽

Small Diameter ◽

Powder Materials ◽

Porous Powder ◽

Small Strains ◽

Upper Limits ◽

Antifriction Powder ◽

Antifriction Powder Material

This article is devoted to one of the important problems of mechanical engineering, including processing by cutting and deploying in sintered antifriction powder material in optimal modes with maximum performance. The study was conducted for small diameter cylindrical bushings. Processing of bushings was carried out by reamers from high-speed and carbide tools on materials from porous powder and cast iron. It is established that the temperature of the tools should not exceed the permissible upper limits, for pressing the bushings, it is necessary to use planting with small strains in the cold state. Keywords: engine valve, bushing, powder material, cast iron, reamer, cold pressing.

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Analytical Model for Segmented Pipe Response to Tensile Ground Strain

Earthquake Spectra ◽

10.1193/050415eqs064m ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 2533-2548 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Michael O'Rourke ◽

Tatiana Vargas-Londono

Keyword(s):

Cast Iron ◽

Ground Deformation ◽

Large Diameter ◽

Small Diameter ◽

Seismic Wave Propagation ◽

Seismic Fragility ◽

Buried Pipelines ◽

Empirical Relations ◽

Permanent Ground Deformation ◽

Pipe Materials

Seismic fragility relations for segmented buried pipelines have, up to this point, been based almost exclusively upon empirical observations. There are drawbacks with the purely empirical approach, one being the lack of confidence in estimated damage for the more important large diameter pipelines. This paper presents mechanics-based models for small diameter cast iron pipelines subject to tensile ground strains. One model is for small to moderate ground strains (less than .0002) primarily associated with seismic wave propagation. A second model is for larger ground strains associated with the permanent ground deformation hazard. The predicted damage rates from these mechanics-based models are consistent with existing empirical relations for small diameter cast iron pipe. It is expected that in the future, these mechanics-based models can be extended to the more important large diameters and to different pipe materials.

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A Replica Technique for the Inside Surfaces of Small Diameter Pipes and Tubes

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s042482010006177x ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 25 ◽

pp. 352-353

Author(s):

T. G. Gregory

Keyword(s):

Polyvinyl Chloride ◽

Small Diameter ◽

Replica Technique ◽

Tube Size ◽

Inside Diameter ◽

Complete Inspection ◽

Operating Limits

A nondestructive replica technique permitting complete inspection of bore surfaces having an inside diameter from 0.050 inch to 0.500 inch is described. Replicas are thermally formed on the outside surface of plastic tubing inflated in the bore of the sample being studied. This technique provides a new medium for inspection of bores that are too small or otherwise beyond the operating limits of conventional inspection methods.Bore replicas may be prepared by sliding a length of plastic tubing completely through the bore to be studied as shown in Figure 1. Polyvinyl chloride tubing suitable for this replica process is commercially available in sizes from 0.037- to 0.500-inch diameter. A tube size slightly smaller than the bore to be replicated should be used to facilitate insertion of the plastic replica blank into the bore.

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Structural Organization and Distribution of Fiber Types in Extraocular Muscles of Cats

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100093420 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 30 ◽

pp. 34-35

Author(s):

Asish C. Nag ◽

Lee D. Peachey

Keyword(s):

Fiber Type ◽

Light And Electron Microscopy ◽

Small Diameter ◽

Extraocular Muscles ◽

Fiber Types ◽

Distinctive Features ◽

Superior Rectus ◽

Adult Cats ◽

Different Diameters ◽

Orbital Region

Cat extraocular muscles consist of two regions: orbital, and global. The orbital region contains predominantly small diameter fibers, while the global region contains a variety of fibers of different diameters. The differences in ultrastructural features among these muscle fibers indicate that the extraocular muscles of cats contain at least five structurally distinguishable types of fibers.Superior rectus muscles were studied by light and electron microscopy, mapping the distribution of each fiber type with its distinctive features. A mixture of 4% paraformaldehyde and 4% glutaraldehyde was perfused through the carotid arteries of anesthetized adult cats and applied locally to exposed superior rectus muscles during the perfusion.

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