Rheological Behavior, Granule Size Distribution and Differential Scanning Calorimetry of Cross-Linked Banana (Musa paradisiaca) Starch.

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
María C. Núñez-Santiago ◽  
Amira J. Maristany-Cáceres ◽  
Francisco J. García Suárez ◽  
Arturo Bello-Pérez ◽  
Albert Co ◽  
...  
Author(s):  
Lenin Jose Huerta ◽  
Rebeca Torres Fajardo ◽  
Juan Primera Ferrer

  En este trabajo se investigó la síntesis de xerogeles de sílice por la vía de los atranos, y se evaluó la influencia de la concentración del agente iniciador (HCl) y la presencia o no del surfactante (CTAB), sobre el tiempo de gelificación y las propiedades texturales de los materiales obtenidos. Las caracterizaciones se realizaron mediante: isotermas de adsorción-desorción de nitrógeno, microscopía electrónica de barrido y calorimetría diferencial de barrido. Los tiempos de gelificación aumentaron en la medida que se disminuyó la concentración del HCl y, en general, los xerogeles preparados presentaron una buena rigidez cuando estos se dejaron a tiempos mayores de 20 horas. La distribución de tamaño de poro (determinada mediante la técnica BJH) para los xerogeles calcinados preparados sin surfactante presentaron un sistema de poro bien definido de 16,4 nm en promedio, mientras los xerogeles calcinados preparados con surfactante no presentaron una distribución de tamaño de poro bien definida, ambos casos mostraron áreas superficiales de alrededor de 580 m2/g. Por calorimetría diferencial de barrido se observaron dos picos para la muestra de xerogel sin surfactante, uno alrededor de 80 °C debido a la evaporación del agua y el otro a 265 °C atribuido a la descomposición de la materia orgánica presente en el gel; para la muestra de xerogel con surfactante se observó un pico bien definido a 130 °C, atribuido a la pérdida del agua. Por microscopía electrónica de barrido, en los xerogeles calcinados se observaron poros con tamaños alrededor de los 15 nm.   Palabra clave: Xerogel, atrano, surfactante, sílice, gelificación.   Abstract In this work, the synthesis of silica xerogels by the atrane way was investigated, evaluating: concentration influence of the initiating agent (HCl) and the presence or not of the surfactant (CTAB), over gelation time, and the textural properties of the obtained materials. Characterizations were carried out by nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms, scanning electron microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. Gelation times increased as the HCl concentration decreased, and, in general, xerogels prepared presented good rigidity when they were aging for times greater than 20 hours. Pore size distribution (determined by the BJH technique) for the calcined xerogels prepared without surfactant presented a well-defined pore system of 16.4 nm on average, while the calcined xerogels prepared with surfactant did not present a well-defined pore size distribution, both cases showed surface areas of around 580 m2/g. In differential scanning calorimetry, two peaks were observed for the xerogel sample without surfactant, one around 80 °C due to water evaporation, and the other one at 265 °C attributed to the decomposition of organic matter present in the gel; for the surfactant xerogel sample, a well-defined peak was observed at 130 °C, attributed to the loss of water. By scanning electron microscopy, pores with sizes around 15 nm in calcined xerogels were observed.   Keywords: Xerogel, atrane, surfactant, silica, gelation.  


Holzforschung ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrés Dieste ◽  
Andreas Krause ◽  
Carsten Mai ◽  
Gilles Sèbe ◽  
Stéphane Grelier ◽  
...  

Abstract The enthalpy of melting and the freezing point depression of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) wood modified with 0.8, 1.3, and 2.3 M 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxy ethylene urea (DMDHEU) were determined at different levels of moisture content above the fibre saturation point by differential scanning calorimetry. The results permitted estimations of the amount of water bound to the cell wall, non-freezing water (NFW), and pore size distribution. The NFW of wood modified with DMDHEU, calculated on a dry wood basis, was not significantly lower than that of the control. The ratio of bound to total water present in the sample was higher in unmodified than in DMDHEU-modified samples. The proportion of pores with a diameter ≤30 nm was 70% of the total cell wall voids for wood modified with 2.3 M DMDHEU and 18% for unmodified wood. These results indicate that DMDHEU reduced the pore size of the samples by occupying the void space present in the cell wall.


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