Prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica among enteric infection in Al-Furat general hospital in Baghdad/Iraq

The current study was conducted to detect the infection rate of the Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia parasite and to determine the relationship between them and Helicobacter pylori bacteria for patients attending Shirqat General Hospital in Salah al-Din Governorate during the period from October 2020 to March 2021. The number of examined samples reached 409, as they were examined by direct smear and Concentration methods using an optical microscope. The results of the study showed that the total infection rate was 46 (11.24%) positive samples and 363 negative samples with a rate of (88.7%), the Entamoeba histolytica was dominant with rate 67.38%, followed by Giardia lamblia with rate 32.61%, and the infection rates for males were higher than for females. Where the infection rate of males reached 14.29% (34 out of 238) and 7.02% of females (12 out of 171), respectively. The infection rates varied between age groups, as the highest rate of infection was in the age group ≥ 10-1 years, which amounted to 32.6%, and the lowest rate of infection was in the age group 60-51 years, with a rate of 2.17%. The highest infection rate was in October, which amounted to 14.89%, while the lowest infection rate was in December, with a rate of 7.35%. All positive samples were examined for microscopic examination by rapid antigen test to detect H.pylori bacteria involved in infection with Entamoeba histolytica or Giardia lamblia, and the results showed that 13 (28.26) samples were positive and 33 (71.73%) were negative samples, and the Co-infection infection rate was between the Entamoeba histolytica and H.pylori 9 (29.03%) were higher than that of Giardia lamblia and H.pylori 4 (26.66%).The results of the statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences between the sex of patients infected with these parasites and the rates of infection during the months of the study and the age groups of infected patients.

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Bone Marrow Dendritic Cells from Mice with an Altered Microbiota Provide Interleukin 17A-Dependent Protection against Entamoeba histolytica Colitis

mBio ◽

10.1128/mbio.01817-14 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 5 (6) ◽

Cited By ~ 67

Author(s):

Stacey L. Burgess ◽

Erica Buonomo ◽

Maureen Carey ◽

Carrie Cowardin ◽

Caitlin Naylor ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Marrow ◽

Dendritic Cells ◽

Entamoeba Histolytica ◽

Murine Model ◽

Inflammatory Diseases ◽

Human Microbiome ◽

Intestinal Bacteria ◽

Enteric Infection ◽

Content Type ◽

Interleukin 17A

ABSTRACTThere is an emerging paradigm that the human microbiome is central to many aspects of health and may have a role in preventing enteric infection.Entamoeba histolyticais a major cause of amebic diarrhea in developing countries. It colonizes the colon lumen in close proximity to the gut microbiota. Interestingly, not all individuals are equally susceptible to E. histolytica infection. Therefore, as the microbiota is highly variable within individuals, we sought to determine if a component of the microbiota could regulate susceptibility to infection. In studies utilizing a murine model, we demonstrated that colonization of the gut with the commensalClostridia-related bacteria known as segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) is protective during E. histolyticainfection. SFB colonization in this model was associated with elevated cecal levels of interleukin 17A (IL-17A), dendritic cells, and neutrophils. Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) from SFB-colonized mice had higher levels of IL-23 production in response to stimulation with trophozoites. Adoptive transfer of BMDCs from an SFB+to an SFB−mouse was sufficient to provide protection againstE. histolytica. IL-17A induction during BMDC transfer was necessary for this protection. This work demonstrates that intestinal colonization with a specific commensal bacterium can provide protection during amebiasis in a murine model. Most importantly, this work demonstrates that the microbiome can mediate protection against an enteric infection via extraintestinal effects on bone marrow-derived dendritic cells.IMPORTANCEEntamoeba histolyticais the causative agent of amebiasis, an infectious disease that contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality due to diarrhea in the developing world. We showed in a murine model that colonization with the commensal members of theClostridiaknown as SFB provides protection againstE. histolyticaand that dendritic cells from SFB-colonized mice alone can recapitulate protection. Understanding interactions between enteropathogens, commensal intestinal bacteria, and the mucosal immune response, including dendritic cells, will help in the development of effective treatments for this disease and other infectious and inflammatory diseases. The demonstration of immune-mediated protection due to communication from the microbiome to the bone marrow represents an emerging field of study that will yield unique approaches to the development of these treatments.

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Leptin Receptor Mutation Results in Defective Neutrophil Recruitment to the Colon during Entamoeba histolytica Infection

mBio ◽

10.1128/mbio.02046-14 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 5 (6) ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Caitlin Naylor ◽

Stacey Burgess ◽

Rajat Madan ◽

Erica Buonomo ◽

Khadija Razzaq ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Entamoeba Histolytica ◽

Leptin Receptor ◽

Neutrophil Infiltration ◽

Neutrophil Function ◽

Enteric Infection ◽

Neutrophil Chemotaxis ◽

Content Type ◽

Innate Defense ◽

The Impact ◽

Increased Susceptibility

ABSTRACTAmebiasis is an enteric infection caused byEntamoeba histolytica, with symptoms ranging in severity from asymptomatic colonization to dysentery. Humans with the Q223R leptin receptor mutation have increased susceptibility to amebiasis, but the mechanism has been unclear. Using a mouse model expressing the mutation, we tested the impact of the Q223R mutation on the innate immune response toE. histolyticainfection. The 223R mutation resulted in delayed clearance of amebae from the cecum, as had been previously observed. We found that neutrophil influx to the site of the infection was reduced 12 h after infection in 223R mice. Depletion of neutrophils with anti-Ly6G monoclonal antibody increased susceptibility of wild-type mice to infection, supporting the importance of neutrophils in innate defense. Leptin expression was increased in the cecum byE. histolyticainfection, suggesting that leptin could serve as a homing signal for neutrophils to the gut. Interestingly, neutrophils from mice with the 223R mutation had diminished chemotaxis toward leptin. This impaired chemotaxis likely explained the reduced gut infiltration of neutrophils. The newly recognized effect of the leptin receptor Q223R mutation on neutrophil chemotaxis and the impact of this mutation on multiple infectious diseases suggest a broader impact of this mutation on susceptibility to disease.IMPORTANCEThe Q223R leptin receptor mutation results in increased susceptibility of children and adults toE. histolytica, one of the leading causes of diarrhea morbidity and mortality in children of the developing world. Here we show that the mutation results in reduced neutrophil infiltration to the site of infection. This decreased infiltration is likely due to the mutation’s impact on neutrophil chemotaxis toward leptin, an inflammatory agent upregulated in the cecum after infection. The significance of this work thus extends beyond understandingE. histolyticasusceptibility by also providing insight into the potential impact of leptin on neutrophil function in other states of altered leptin signaling, which include both malnutrition and obesity.

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Leptin signaling in intestinal epithelium mediates resistance to enteric infection by Entamoeba histolytica

Mucosal Immunology ◽

10.1038/mi.2010.76 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 294-303 ◽

Cited By ~ 67

Author(s):

X Guo ◽

M R Roberts ◽

S M Becker ◽

B Podd ◽

Y Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Entamoeba Histolytica ◽

Intestinal Epithelium ◽

Enteric Infection ◽

Leptin Signaling

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Heat-Etching with a Bullivant Type II Simple Freeze-Cleave Device

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100067522 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

pp. 106-107 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ronald S. Weinstein ◽

N. Scott McNutt

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

General Hospital ◽

Massachusetts General Hospital ◽

Type I ◽

Type Ii ◽

Collaborative Effort ◽

Temperature And Pressure ◽

The University

The Type I simple cold block device was described by Bullivant and Ames in 1966 and represented the product of the first successful effort to simplify the equipment required to do sophisticated freeze-cleave techniques. Bullivant, Weinstein and Someda described the Type II device which is a modification of the Type I device and was developed as a collaborative effort at the Massachusetts General Hospital and the University of Auckland, New Zealand. The modifications reduced specimen contamination and provided controlled specimen warming for heat-etching of fracture faces. We have now tested the Mass. General Hospital version of the Type II device (called the “Type II-MGH device”) on a wide variety of biological specimens and have established temperature and pressure curves for routine heat-etching with the device.

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Erythrophagocytosis by Entamoeba histolytica.- Ultrastructural Study

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100094036 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 30 ◽

pp. 156-157 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Norberto Treviño ◽

Alfredo Feria-Velasco ◽

I. Ruiz de Chávez

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Light Microscopy ◽

Entamoeba Histolytica ◽

Ultrastructural Study ◽

Saline Solution ◽

Physiological Saline ◽

Ultrastructural Level ◽

Hot Plate ◽

Physiological Saline Solution ◽

Axenic Conditions

Although erythrophagocytosis by various species of Entamoeba is a well known phenomenon this has not yet been studied in detail at the ultrastructural level. The present work deals with the description of the incorporation process of erythrocytes by trophozoites of E. histolytica. For this study, trophozoites of E. histolytica, HK-9:NIH strain cultured in axenic conditions and washed human erythrocytes were placed on a hot plate at 37°C in physiological saline solution. After 5 minutes, 2.5% glutarldehyde was added and the samples were processed according to conventional techniques for electron microscopy.Based upon light microscopy studies on living trophozoites in contact with erythrocytes, it seems that erythrophagocytosis only takes place in one pole of the parasite.

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Scanning electron microscopy of erythrophagocytosis by Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s042482010012480x ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 880-881

Author(s):

Victor Tsutsumi ◽

Adolfo Martinez-Palomo ◽

Kyuichi Tanikawa

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Red Blood Cells ◽

Entamoeba Histolytica ◽

Causative Agent ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Protozoan Parasite ◽

Complex Phenomenon ◽

Great Capacity ◽

Scanning Electron

The protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of amebiasis in man. The trophozoite or motile form is a highly dynamic and pleomorphic cell with a great capacity to destroy tissues. Moreover, the parasite has the singular ability to phagocytize a variety of different live or death cells. Phagocytosis of red blood cells by E. histolytica trophozoites is a complex phenomenon related with amebic pathogenicity and nutrition.

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