Regionalisation of National Planning—Some Methodological Issues

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-442
Author(s):  
T Hermansen
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Development Planning ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Institutional Planning ◽  
National Planning ◽  
Planning Decisions ◽  
Spatial Dimensions ◽  
Multi Level

The paper discusses methodological issues that arise when national planning is attempted which is regionalised and integrated with the traditional forms of physical and community development planning at the regional level. Distinctions are made between control and operational decisions and between analytical target planning and institutional planning. Decisions are furthermore classified according to levels in the decision-making hierarchy, and according to their sectoral and spatial dimensions, resulting in a multi-level, multi-sectoral, and multi-regional system of decision-making and planning activities. The key problem arising is that of distributing decision-making authority among the decision units and superimposing a planning and information exchange system that not only guarantees consistency, but also ensures efficiency in inter-sectoral growth patterns as well as with respect to location of project and utilisation of regional resources and external economies.

scholarly journals An Efficient Module for Instance Segmentation Based on Multi-Level Features and Attention Mechanisms

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 968
Author(s):  
Yingchun Sun ◽  
Wang Gao ◽  
Shuguo Pan ◽  
Tao Zhao ◽  
Yahui Peng
Keyword(s):  
Feature Extraction ◽  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Semantic Feature ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Segmentation Method ◽  
Spatial Dimensions ◽  
Feature Pyramid ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
High Level ◽  
Instance Segmentation

Recently, multi-level feature networks have been extensively used in instance segmentation. However, because not all features are beneficial to instance segmentation tasks, the performance of networks cannot be adequately improved by synthesizing multi-level convolutional features indiscriminately. In order to solve the problem, an attention-based feature pyramid module (AFPM) is proposed, which integrates the attention mechanism on the basis of a multi-level feature pyramid network to efficiently and pertinently extract the high-level semantic features and low-level spatial structure features; for instance, segmentation. Firstly, we adopt a convolutional block attention module (CBAM) into feature extraction, and sequentially generate attention maps which focus on instance-related features along the channel and spatial dimensions. Secondly, we build inter-dimensional dependencies through a convolutional triplet attention module (CTAM) in lateral attention connections, which is used to propagate a helpful semantic feature map and filter redundant informative features irrelevant to instance objects. Finally, we construct branches for feature enhancement to strengthen detailed information to boost the entire feature hierarchy of the network. The experimental results on the Cityscapes dataset manifest that the proposed module outperforms other excellent methods under different evaluation metrics and effectively upgrades the performance of the instance segmentation method.

scholarly journals Shared clinical decision-making experiences in nursing: a qualitative study

BMC Nursing ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fen-Fang Chung ◽  
Pao-Yu Wang ◽  
Shu-Chuan Lin ◽  
Yu-Hsia Lee ◽  
Hon-Yen Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Nursing Education ◽  
Nursing Staff ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Sociocultural Factors ◽  
Patient Centered ◽  
Clinical Nursing

Abstract Background Shared decision making (SDM) is a patient-centered nursing concept that emphasizes the autonomy of patients. SDM is a co-operative process that involves information exchange and communication between medical staff and patients for making treatment decisions. In this study, we explored the experiences of clinical nursing staff participating in SDM. Methods This study adopted a qualitative research design. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 21 nurses at a medical center in northern Taiwan. All interview recordings were transcribed verbatim. Content analysis was performed to analyze the data. Results The findings yielded the following three themes covering seven categories: knowledge regarding SDM, trigger discussion and coordination, and respect of sociocultural factors. Conclusions The results of this study describe the experiences of clinical nursing staff participating in SDM and can be used as a reference for nursing education and nursing administrative supervisors wishing to plan and enhance professional nursing SDM in nursing education.

Planning Institutions and Urban Spatial Patterns: Evidence from a Cross-National Analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 0739456X2110442
Author(s):  
Stephan Schmidt ◽  
Wenzheng Li ◽  
John Carruthers ◽  
Stefan Siedentop
Keyword(s):  
Composite Index ◽  
Metropolitan Regions ◽  
Institutional Planning ◽  
National Planning ◽  
Institutional Frameworks ◽  
Planning Framework ◽  
Compact Development ◽  
National Analysis ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Cross National

This paper examines how national planning frameworks differ from each other and how those differences relate to patterns of urban development using an international cross section of metropolitan regions. We construct a composite index to measure institutional planning frameworks through objective criteria—restrictive versus permissive; binding versus nonbinding; nationally versus locally oriented—that enables comparison between (not within) countries. We also estimate a series of models to evaluate the relationship between institutional frameworks and patterns. The evidence suggests that a more centralized and coordinated planning framework produces more compact development, whereas a more decentralized and uncoordinated planning framework results in less compact development.

Pregnancy and Fertility Trends Among Female Otolaryngologists

2021 ◽  
pp. 019459982110645
Author(s):  
Makenzie Huguet ◽  
Angela Beliveau ◽  
Sandra L. Taylor ◽  
Debbie A. Aizenberg
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Family Planning ◽  
General Population ◽  
Career Decision ◽  
Neck Surgery ◽  
Career Decision Making ◽  
Workplace Support ◽  
Fertility Trends ◽  
Planning Decisions ◽  
The Mean

Objective This study sought to determine childbearing patterns and decision making among female otolaryngologists. Study Design Anonymous survey. Setting An anonymous survey was sent in 2020 to female otolaryngologists identified through their membership with the American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. Methods Data were analyzed concerning individual fertility and childbearing history, reflections regarding decision making, perceptions of workplace support, and estimations of objective childbearing potential. Results There were 398 responses. The mean age at first pregnancy was 32.3 years. Almost one-third of respondents who attempted to conceive (30.4%) were diagnosed with infertility. Of those who had their first pregnancy during training, 55% reported having substantial workplace support, as opposed to 70% of those whose first pregnancies followed completion of training ( P = .01). When asked what they would do differently in retrospect, most women with infertility (65.0%) would have attempted conception earlier; 41 (41.0%) would have used cryopreservation to extend fertility; and 14 (14.0%) would have gone into a different specialty. Conclusion Female otolaryngologist respondents have children later in life than the general population, and a substantial proportion face infertility or have regrets about family planning decisions and career decision making. Increased awareness, further investigation, and targeted programs are needed to support the growing number of female otolaryngologists who desire both a career and a family.

Information Exchange (IE) Among Multi-Stakeholders for Improving Decision Making

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Ali Bazarah
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Qualitative Evaluation ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Actual Behavior ◽  
Good Theory ◽  
Multiple Stakeholders ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Mixed Methods Approach ◽  
Needed Information

Information Exchange (IE) is an important area of research in Information System (IS), yet there is a lack of theory that explains it. Existing studies usually borrow different theories from other fields to explain IE, but these theories describe the aspects that are associated with IE, not the actual behavior of IE. Additionally, a framework that guides the design of an IE platform to support IE among multiple stakeholders with the purpose of improving the decision-making process does not exist. To address these literature gaps, this dissertation first proposes a theory of Information Exchange (ToIE) to explain IE behavior and its impact on the decision-making process among multi-stakeholders. A qualitative evaluation of ToIE demonstrates that it meets the virtues of a good theory. Second, this dissertation develops an Information Exchange Decision Support (IEDS) framework that can guide the design of IE platforms for multiple stakeholders. The qualitative evaluation shows that the IEDS framework is useful for identifying the stakeholders, specifying the needed information to be exchanged, and maintaining the needed system factors necessary for IE. The IEDS framework is further instantiated to an IE platform named SES-IE. The SES-IE platform is a web-based application that facilitates the information exchange among scholarship organizations, employers, and students, and supports their decision-making process. The SES-IE platform was evaluated using a mixed-methods approach to measure the usability, usefulness, and satisfaction of the system. The successful instantiation of the SES-IE platform shows that the IEDS framework is useful for building an effective IE platform. This dissertation makes theoretical and practical contributions.

scholarly journals Individual goals and social preferences in operational decisions

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nienke Hofstra ◽  
Wout Dullaert ◽  
Sander De Leeuw ◽  
Eirini Spiliotopoulou
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Preferences ◽  
Operational Planning ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Monetary Incentives ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Planning Decisions ◽  
Multiple Data ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
Insight Into

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop propositions explaining the influence of individual goals and social preferences on human decision making in transport planning. The aim is to understand which individual goals and social preferences planners pursue and how these influence planners’ decisions. Design/methodology/approach Propositions are developed based on investigation of decision making of transport planners in a Dutch logistics service provider using multiple data collection methods. Findings The study shows how decision making of transport planners is motivated by individual goals as well as social preferences for reciprocity and group identity. Research limitations/implications Further research including transaction data analysis is needed to triangulate findings and to strengthen conclusions. Propositions are developed to be tested in future research. Practical implications Results suggest that efforts to guide planners in their decision making should go beyond traditional (monetary) incentives and consider their individual goals and social preferences. Moreover, this study provides insight into why transport planners deviate from desired behaviour. Originality/value While individual decision making plays an essential role in operational planning, the factors influencing how individuals make operational planning decisions are not fully understood.

Italy and the politics of European defence: playing by the logic of multi-level networks

Modern Italy ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Foradori ◽  
Paolo Rosa
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
European Level ◽  
Foreign And Security Policy ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Common Defence

SummaryThe article looks at the role of Italy in the decision-making arena of the EU Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), analysing the initiatives it put in place to address and influence the construction of a common defence. The article aims to explain the ability or inability of Italy to build up a consensus around its proposals. By studying two initiatives in the field of European defence and security, it seeks to determine the factors which resulted in the differing outcomes of Italian actions at the European level.

scholarly journals Pet owners’ and veterinarians’ perceptions of information exchange and clinical decision-making in companion animal practice

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0245632
Author(s):  
Natasha Janke ◽  
Jason B. Coe ◽  
Theresa M. Bernardo ◽  
Cate E. Dewey ◽  
Elizabeth A. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Focus Groups ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Exchange Process ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Pet Owners ◽  
Pet Owner

One of the most complex aspects of the veterinarian-client-patient interaction is the clinical decision-making process. Research suggests that the approach to communication used by veterinarians can impact veterinary clients’ involvement in the decision-making process and their ultimate satisfaction. Using different approaches to the decision-making process may affect how information is exchanged and consequently how decisions are made. The objective of this study was to determine pet owners’ expectations with respect to information exchange and decision-making during veterinarian-client-patient interactions and to compare veterinarians’ perceptions of those expectations and the challenges they face in meeting them. Five pet owner focus groups (27 owners) and three veterinarian focus groups (24 veterinarians) were conducted with standardized open-ended questions and follow-up probes. Thematic analysis of the transcribed data was conducted to identify trends and patterns that emerged during the focus groups. Three pet owner-based themes were identified: 1) understanding the client; 2) providing information suitable for the client; and 3) decision-making. In addition, three barriers for veterinarians affecting information exchange and decision-making were identified: 1) time constraints; 2) involvement of multiple clients; and 3) language barriers. Results suggest that pet owners expect to be supported by their veterinarian to make informed decisions by understanding the client’s current knowledge, tailoring information and educating clients about their options. Breakdowns in the information exchange process can impact pet owners’ perceptions of veterinarians’ motivations. Pet owners’ emphasis on partnership suggests that a collaborative approach between veterinarians and clients may improve client satisfaction.

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