Fundamental Properties of Löschian Spatial Demand

1971 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
C A Gannon
Keyword(s):  
Demand Function ◽  
Competitive Equilibrium ◽  
Aggregate Demand ◽  
General Nature ◽  
Market Area ◽  
Fundamental Properties ◽  
First Derivative ◽  
Market Areas ◽  
Spatial Demand

Spatial demand is the aggregate demand expressed at a particular location, under given supply conditions, by a set of individual consumers whose locations are dispersed over a geographical market area. Although the concept of spatial demand has played a central role in location and spatial economics since its development by Lösch and his incorporation of it into his model of spatial competitive equilibrium, a comprehensive rigorous characterization of spatial demand does not presently exist. Accordingly, the contribution of this paper is a quite general formulation of spatial demand and a rigorous specification and evaluation of some of its most important properties. Spatial demand is found to consist of two components: free spatial demand which corresponds to a situation in which the geographic market areas of suppliers do not interact, and competitive spatial demand which corresponds to a situation in which they do. This distinction allows the derivation of conditions for, among other things, the (1) existence of these two components, (2) continuity of the spatial demand function and its first derivative, and (3) convexity or concavity of the spatial demand function. Such properties of spatial demand are basic to an evaluation of the existence, stability, and general nature of spatial competitive equilibrium.

Spatial Demand Models with Uniform Rate of Growth

1975 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 589-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
E A C Thomas ◽  
O Davies
Keyword(s):  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Demand Function ◽  
Transportation Cost ◽  
Market Area ◽  
Constant Size ◽  
Demand Models ◽  
Market Areas ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Spatial Demand ◽  
Over Time

This paper examines the changes over time in the spatial dispersion of facilities in a bounded one-dimensional habitat. Each facility produces a single good for a unique market area and demand for the good varies inversely with distance to the nearest facility and increases uniformly over time. Production and transportation cost functions are not assumed to be linear, and it is assumed that market areas are chosen so as to minimise the average cost of producing and transporting unit amount of the good. Conditions relating the demand function to the transportation cost function are given which are necessary and/or sufficient for the size of the market area to decrease over time. It is shown that if the market area has constant size, ‘balanced growth’ occurs if and only if the demand function is of the Pareto type. Finally, the relevance to this analysis of economies of scale is discussed.

scholarly journals Certain fundamental properties of generalized natural transform in generalized spaces

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shrideh Khalaf Al-Omari ◽  
Serkan Araci
Keyword(s):  
Inversion Formula ◽  
Acta Math ◽  
Generalized Functions ◽  
General Nature ◽  
Qualitative Behavior ◽  
Fundamental Properties ◽  
Integrable Functions ◽  
Extended Operator ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Space Of Integrable Functions

AbstractThis paper considers the definition and the properties of the generalized natural transform on sets of generalized functions. Convolution products, convolution theorems, and spaces of Boehmians are described in a form of auxiliary results. The constructed spaces of Boehmians are achieved and fulfilled by pursuing a deep analysis on a set of delta sequences and axioms which have mitigated the construction of the generalized spaces. Such results are exploited in emphasizing the virtual definition of the generalized natural transform on the addressed sets of Boehmians. The constructed spaces, inspired from their general nature, generalize the space of integrable functions of Srivastava et al. (Acta Math. Sci. 35B:1386–1400, 2015) and, subsequently, the extended operator with its good qualitative behavior generalizes the classical natural transform. Various continuous embeddings of potential interests are introduced and discussed between the space of integrable functions and the space of integrable Boehmians. On another aspect as well, several characteristics of the extended operator and its inversion formula are discussed.

scholarly journals Inanimate Objects and the Environment Are Far From Contributing to COVID-19 Spread

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Luiza Silva Rocha ◽  
Josilene Pinheiro ◽  
Thamilin Costa Nakamura ◽  
José Domingos Santos da Silva ◽  
Beatriz Gonçalves Silva Rocha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Cell Phones ◽  
Market Area ◽  
P Gene ◽  
Human Rnase ◽  
Reference Hospital ◽  
Market Areas ◽  
Rule Out

Abstract It is not clear if COVID-19 can be indirectly transmitted. It is not possible to conclude the role of environment in transmission of SARS-CoV-2 without studying areas in which people transit in great amounts, such as market areas. In this work we aimed to better understand the role of environment in the spread of COVID-19. We investigated the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in inanimate objects as well as in the air and in the sewage using RT-qPCR. We studied both, a reference market area and a COVID-19 reference hospital at Barreiras city, Brazil. We collected and analyzed a total of 268 samples from mask fronts, cell phones, paper moneys, card machines, sewage, air and bedding during the ascendant phase of the epidemiological curve of COVID-19 in Barreiras. As a result, we detected the human RNAse P gene in most of samples, which indicates the presence of human cells in specimens. However, we did not detect any trace of SARS-CoV-2 in all samples analyzed. To rule out the possibility of problems in sampling method we tested detection of SARS-CoV-2 by RT-qPCR in laboratory conditions to reproduce environmental temperature and humidity. As a result, we showed detection of the virus in different conditions. We conclude that our sampling method reliable and that, strikingly, the environment and inanimate materials do not have an important role in COVID-19 transmission.

Le esportazioni dei sistemi produttivi locali di piccole e medie imprese nel 2005: i risultati dell'utilizzo di nuove metodologie e fonti statistiche

2009 ◽  
pp. 5-34
Author(s):  
Natale Renato Fazio ◽  
Carmela Pascucci
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Export Performance ◽  
Market Area ◽  
Local Systems ◽  
Local Labour Market ◽  
Local Labour ◽  
Market Areas ◽  
Medium Enterprises

- This paper presents findings of a new methodology to attribute national exports to the Local Labour Market Area (LLMA). This methodology allows overcoming limitations due to the use of administrative units, i. e. provinces (NUTS 3), for foreign trade analysis. Methods The methodology is based on several Istat databases (Foreign Trade, Statistic Archive of Active Enterprises and Local Units Archive). In the first part of the work, sources and methodology are described, the second part is devoted to aggregated and macro-sectors results. Results The results show for 2005 that 37.5% of national exports of manufactured goods derived from local systems of small and medium enterprises. The analysis of the exporter enterprises in the 2005-2007 panel, shows that the contribution of these local systems grew slightly from 37.3% in 2005 to 37.5% in 2007. Conclusions The export performance analysis shows different results for Center-North and South LLMA. In southern regions, in spite of lower export activities, there are local systems with significant levels of performance on international markets.JEL: C81, F10, R11, R12Keywords: export, province of departure, microeconomic data, sectorial specialization, local labour market areas (LLMAS), industrial districts.Parole chiave: esportazioni, provincia di origine, dati microeconomici, specializzazione settoriale, sistema locale del lavoro, distretti industriali.

Analyzing Resilience in Local Labor Market Areas: A Spatial Analysis for the Case of Italy

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-208
Author(s):  
Barbara Martini ◽  
Marco Platania
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Spatial Data Analysis ◽  
Market Area ◽  
Observation Unit ◽  
Local Labor Market ◽  
Market Areas ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The aim of the paper is to analyse if and in which way specialization, geographical localization and spill-over effects affect resilience. The research is carried out using LLMAs (Local Labor Market Areas) as observational unit and spatial data analysis techniques (Anselin 1999, LeSage & Pace, 2009) in Italy. Resilience literature focalized its attention on regions. Despite this, there is no general agreement regarding the most appropriate observation unit. Our aim is not only to investigate the relationship between specialization and resilience at smaller scale using the LLMAs as observation unit but also to explore the spatial relationship among them. Results highlight a strong spatial correlation among LLMAs. As consequence resilience is not only influenced by specialization but also by geographical localization through spill-over effects. JEL Classifications: R10, R12, C23, C33 Spatial analysis; Resilience; Labor Market Area; Italy

Ionic Polymeric Conductor Nano Composites (IPCNCs) as Distributed Nanosensors and Nanoactuators

2008 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 70-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Shahinpoor
Keyword(s):  
Driving Forces ◽  
Electronic Materials ◽  
Electrical Characterization ◽  
Irreversible Thermodynamics ◽  
Basic Material ◽  
Nano Composites ◽  
Chemical Plating ◽  
Fundamental Properties ◽  
Equivalent Circuit Modeling

This article covers advances made in connection with Ionic Polymeric-Conductor Nano Composites (IPCNCs) as distributed biomimetic nanosensors, nanoactuators, nanorobots and artificial muscles. A review of the fundamental properties and characteristics of IPCNCs will first be presented. This summary will include descriptions of the basic materials' molecular structure and subsequent procedure to manufacture the basic material for chemical plating and electroactivation. Further described are chemical molecular plating technologies to make IPCNCs, nanotechnologies of manufacturing and trapping of nanoparticles, SEM, TEM, SPM and AFM characterization of IPMNCs, biomimetic sensing and actuation characterization techniques, electrical characterization and equivalent circuit modeling of IPCNCs as electronic materials. A phenomenological model of the underlying sensing and actuation mechanisms is also presented based on linear irreversible thermodynamics with two driving forces, an electric field and a solvent pressure gradient and two fluxes, electric current density and the ionic+solvent flux. The presentation concludes with a number of videos and some live demos.

A Multimarket Analysis of Inter-dependent Consumer Response Sensitivities

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudhir Voleti
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Information ◽  
Consumer Response ◽  
Model Fit ◽  
Improve Model ◽  
Macroeconomic Indicators ◽  
Distribution Free Approach ◽  
Explained Variance ◽  
Market Areas ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractWe investigate variation in aggregate consumer response sensitivities to the price, promotion and distribution elements of the marketing mix across US metropolitan markets. Primarily, three questions of research interest are examined – (i) the nature of the relationship between different aggregate response sensitivities and the implications therein, (ii) the usefulness of aggregate area-wide macroeconomic indicators such as inflation, unemployment and poverty in the context of a marketing problem, and (iii) the usefulness of geo-spatial information under a distribution-free approach. Beer category sales data across 49 major US metropolitan markets are analyzed. We find a pattern of strong inter-dependence among aggregate response sensitivities that indicates the existence of distinct, non-overlapping consumer segments. This enables a characterization of metropolitan market areas at an aggregate level. Ignoring inter-dependence mis-characterizes response sensitivity in two-thirds of the markets sampled. Further, on a standalone basis, neither area-wide economic indicators nor geo-spatial information help the analysis, but in conjunction, they vastly improve model fit (by almost 40%), explained variance (by over twice), parameter significance and consequently, insight.

Deposition, Annealing, and Characterization of Tantalum Pentoxide Films

1992 ◽  
Vol 282 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Treichel ◽  
A. Mitwalsky ◽  
G. Tempel ◽  
G. Zorn ◽  
W. Kern ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Dielectric Constant ◽  
Optimal Combination ◽  
Tantalum Pentoxide ◽  
Fundamental Properties ◽  
Integrated Devices ◽  
Design And Manufacturing ◽  
Annealing Procedure ◽  
High Dielectric ◽  
Deposition Techniques

ABSTRACTFilms of tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) have been fabricated by use of different precursor materials, deposition techniques and annealing procedures. Several analytical methods were appliedto study the layers. Fundamental properties and new data are reportedand related to practical features that are of importance in device design and manufacturing of advanced, highly integrated devices. This overview may facilitate the choice of an optimal combination of precursor, deposition technique and corresponding annealing procedure for aspecific application of these films in microelectronics, since the electrical properties reveal the potential of Ta2O5 films for the use in 64Mbit and 256Mbit DRAM devices as high dielectric constant material.

Delimiting the Areal Extent of a Market Area

1977 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 581-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Huff ◽  
Richard R. Batsell
Keyword(s):  
Market Area ◽  
Areal Extent ◽  
Objective Procedure ◽  
Market Areas

An objective procedure is advanced by which to transform customer dot distributions into well-defined and bounded market areas.

R&D projects analyzed by semimartingale methods

1985 ◽  
Vol 22 (02) ◽  
pp. 288-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Knut K. Aase
Keyword(s):  
Brownian Motion ◽  
Stochastic Equation ◽  
Compound Poisson Process ◽  
General Nature ◽  
Decision Variable ◽  
Non Linear Equation ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Dynamic Stochastic ◽  
Present Setting

In this article we examine R&D projects where the project status changes according to a general dynamic stochastic equation. This allows for both continuous and jump behavior of the project status. The time parameter is continuous. The decision variable includes a non-stationary resource expenditure strategy and a stopping policy which determines when the project should be terminated. Characterization of stationary policies becomes straightforward in the present setting. A non-linear equation is determined for the expected discounted return from the project. This equation, which is of a very general nature, has been considered in certain special cases, where it becomes manageable. The examples include situations where the project status changes according to a compound Poisson process, a geometric Brownian motion, and a Brownian motion with drift. In those cases we demonstrate how the exact solution can be obtained and the optimal policy found.

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